Baruch Spinoza
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Si Baruch (de) Spinoza[12][lower-alpha 2] (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677)[16][17][18][19] iyo an sarong Dutch na pilosopong may lahing Portuges na Hudyong Sephardiko.[17][20] Si Spinoza an saro sa pinakapangenot na tagapagbusol kan Rasyonalismo kaidtong ika-17 siglo asin saro sa amay na mga intelektwal na Panahon kan Kaliwanagan.[16][21] asin modernong kritisismo sa Bibliya[22] kabali an modernong conceptions kan sadiri asin kan uniberso,[17][23][24][25] Natawan siya nin inspirasyon kan mga ideya ni René Descartes asin nagin sarong pangenot na pigura sa Bulawanon na panahon na Dutch. Duminakula siya sa sarong sosyodad na Hudyong Espanyol-Portuges asin nagbusol nin mga idea manungod sa pagigin totoo kan Bibliya asin naturalesa kan Diyos. An mga autoridad na Hudyo nag-isyu kay Spinoza nin herem tumang sa saiya na nagpatalsik asin isinikwal kan mga Hudyo sa edad na 23 kabali an saiyang pamilya. Pagkatapos kan saiyang kagadanan, an saiyang mga libro idinugang sa Index Librorum Prohibitorum(Talaan kan mga ipinagbabawal na libro) kan Simbahan Katoliko Romano. Bagaman tinawag siyang isang ateista ng kanyang mga kontemporaryo, wala sa kanyang mga akda ay nangangatwiran ng laban sa pag-iral ng Diyos.[26][27][28]
Namuhay siya nin simple bilang pararunot nin mga lente asin nakipagtabangan sa pagdisenyo nin mikroskopyo asin teleskopyo kaiba ninda Constantijn asin Christiaan Huygens. Sinayumahan niya an mga gawad asin mga parangal sa saiyang bilog na buhay kabali an mga prestihiyosong mga posisyon sa pagtukdo. Nagadan siya sa edad na 44 kaidtong 1677 huli sa helang sa baga na posibleng huli sa tubercolosis o silicosis huli sa pagsinghot nin mga alpog nin mga salming mantang pigrurunot an mga lente. Ilinubong siya sa sarong lubongan na Kristiyano sa Nieuwe Kerk sa The Hague.[29]
An obra maestra niyang Ethics pinublikar pagkatapos kan saiyang kagadanan. Sa akdang ini, kinontra niya an pilosopiya ni Descartes na dualismo kan isipan-hawak asin nagtao kay Spinoza sa Solnopan na Pilosopiya bilang saro sa mga mahalagang intelektwal.
Toltolan
[baguhon | baguhon an source]- ↑ Nadler 1999, p. 64.
- ↑ Nadler 1999, p. 65.
- ↑ Steven Nadler, Spinoza and Medieval Jewish Philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 27: "Spinoza attended lectures and anatomical dissections at the University of Leiden..."
- ↑ Yitzhak Y. Melamed (ed.), The Young Spinoza: A Metaphysician in the Making, Oxford University Press, 2015, ch. 7.
- ↑ James Kreines, Reason in the World: Hegel's Metaphysics and Its Philosophical Appeal, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 25: "Spinoza's foundationalism (Hegel argues) threatens to eliminate all determinate reality, leaving only one indeterminate substance."
- ↑ Stefano Di Bella, Tad M. Schmaltz (eds.), The Problem of Universals in Early Modern Philosophy, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 64 "there is a strong case to be made that Spinoza was a conceptualist about universals..."
- ↑ Michael Della Rocca (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Spinoza, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 288.
- ↑ "The Coherence Theory of Truth", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
- ↑ David, Marian (28 May 2015). "Correspondence theory of truth". In Zalta, Edward N. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
- ↑ Beth Lord, Spinoza Beyond Philosophy, Edinburgh University Press, 2015, p. 139.
- ↑ Scruton 2002: "Through the works of Moses Maimonides and the commentaries of the Arab Averroës, Spinoza would have become acquainted with Aristotle"
- ↑ Nadler 2001, p. 1.
- ↑ "Spinoza". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ "Definition of BARUCH". www.merriam-webster.com.
- ↑ Nadler 2001, p. 45.
- 1 2 Richard H. Popkin, Benedict de Spinoza sa Encyclopædia Britannica
- 1 2 3 Dutton, Blake D. "Benedict De Spinoza (1632–1677)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 7 July 2019.
- ↑ "Spinoza". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 27 April 2019.
- ↑ Jonathan Israel in his various works on the Enlightenment, e.g., Israel, Jonathan (2001). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650–1750. (in the index "Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de") and Israel, Jonathan (2011). Democratic Enlightenment: Philosophy, Revolution, and Human Rights 1750–1790.
- ↑ Nadler, Steven (1 December 2008) [2001]. "Baruch Spinoza". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (substantive revised ed.).
- ↑ Yalom, Irvin (21 February 2012). "The Spinoza Problem". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2013-11-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073417/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2012-02-21/entertainment/35442915_1_history-teacher-novel-theories. Retrieved on 2026-01-29.
- ↑ Yovel, Yirmiyahu, Spinoza and Other Heretics: The Adventures of Immanence (Princeton University Press, 1992), p. 3
- ↑ "Destroyer and Builder". The New Republic. 3 May 2012. https://newrepublic.com/book/review/book-forged-hell-spinoza-treatise-steven-nadler.
- ↑ Nadler, Steven (16 April 2020). "Baruch Spinoza". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- ↑ Scruton 2002, p. 26.
- ↑ Stewart 2007, p. 352.
- ↑ https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=imwjournal [bare URL PDF]
- ↑ http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Spinoza/Texts/Spinozac.pdf Archived 2022-04-03 at the Wayback Machine. [bare URL PDF]
- ↑ de Spinoza, Benedictus; Hessing, Siegfried (1977). Speculum Spinozanum, 1677–1977. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 828. ISBN 9780710087164.
- ↑ However, Spinoza has also been interpreted as a defender of the coherence theory of truth.[8]
- ↑ In English, Baruch Spinoza is pronounced: /bəˈruːk spɪˈnoʊzə/;[13][14] in Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; and in European Portuguese: [ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]. Namundag siya na Baruch Espinosa;[15] sa huri bilang sarong author asin sarong correspondent na midbid bilang si Benedictus de Spinoza, asin anglisado na Benedict de Spinoza.
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