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Pagkapuho

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An thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) iyo an halimbawa kan dai pa nahahaloy na puho nang espesye.
Palaeotherium iyo an ehemplo kan puho nang genus na solamenteng nakarekord gikan sa fossil records bago an pag-eksister kan hominids.

An pagkapuho iyo an terminasyon nin sarong organismo sa paagi kan kagadanan kan saiyang huring myembero. An taxon posibleng magin functionally extinct bago an kagadanan kan saiyang huring myembero kapag nawara kaiyan an kapasidad na magreprodusir asin maomayan. Bilang potential range nin sarong espesye posibleng dakulaon na marhay, an pagdeterminar kaining momento masakit na marhay, asin parating piggigibo nin retrospektibo. An kasakitan na ini naggigiya sa phenomena siring kan Lazarus taxa, kun saen an espesye piglalaoman na puho na sagkod sa "maglataw giraray" (tipikal sa fossil record) pagkatapos nin sarong peryodo nin apparent absence.

Labi sa limang bilyon na espesye[1] an pigtatantya na nakagaradan na.[2][3][4][5] Pigtatantya na sa ngunyan igwang haros 8.7 milyon na espesye nin eukaryotes sa bilog na kinaban,[6] posibleng dakol na beses na mas dakol kun kabali an mga microorganisms.[7] An notableng puho nang espesye nin hayop kabali an non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, asin mammoths. Sa paagi kan ebolusyon, luminataw an mga espesye sa paagi kan proseso nin speciation. Napuho an mga espesye kapag sinda dai na nakayanan na mabuhay pa sa nagbabagong kamugtakan o tumang sa superior competition. An relasyon sa pag-ultanan kan mga hayop asin sa saindang ecological niches nagin nang estabilisadong marhay.[8] An tipikal na mga espesye na napuho na sa laog nin 10 milyon na taon kan saiyang enot na paglataw,[5] minsan ngani na an ibang mga espesye, pig-aapod na living fossils, nakasalbar na igwang dikit sagkod sa mayong morpolohikong pagbabago sa laog nin ginatos na milyon na taon.

An mass extinctions iyo an relatibong pambihirang pangyayari; alagad, an isolated extinctions nin mga espesye asin mga klado komun na marhay, asin sinda natural na kabtang nin ebolusyonaryong proseso.[9] Dai pa man nahahaloy na an pagkapuho nagpoon na irekord, asin igwang nagpapadagos na mass extinction event na kawsa kan aktibidad nin tawo.[10][11][12][13][14] Kadaklan kan mga espesye na napuho na dai na nanggad nadokumento kan mga siyentista. An ibang mga siyentista pigtatantya na sagkod sa kabanga kan presenteng nag-eeksistir na tinanom asin mga espesye nin hayop an posibleng mapuho na pag-abot kan taon 2100.[15] Sarong 2018 report an nag-indikar na an phylogenetic diversity kan 300 espesye nin mamalya an burado na durante kan pag-eksister nin tawo poon kaidtong Huring Pleistoseno an nangaipo nin 5 sagkod 7 milyon na taon tanganing maomayan.[16]

Segun sa 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services kan IPBES, an biomass kan mga layas na mamalya an buminaba nin 82%, nawara an natural na mga ekosistema nin haros kabanga kan saindang area asin sarong milyon na mga espesye an nangnganib na mapuho—gabos bilang resulta kan mga aksyon nin tawo. Duwampulo-limang porsyento nin tinanom asin mga espesye nin hayop an threatened na mapuho.[17][18][19] Sa sarong subsequent report, linista kan IPBES an unsustainable fishing, hunting asin pagtotroso bilang iyo an ibang pangenot na nagbubusol nin krisis sa pangglobong pagkapuho.[20] Kaidtong Hunyo 2019, sarong milyon na mga espesye nin tinanom asin mga hayop an nanganganib na mapuho. At least 571 na espesye nin tinanom an nawara poon kaidtong 1750. An pangenot na kawsa kan pagkapuho iyo an destruksyon kan natural habitats huli sa mga aktibidad nin tawo, siring kan pagputol nin mga kadlagan asin an pagribay kan daga pasiring sa omahan para sa pag-oma.[21]

An dagger symbol (†) pigbubugtak sa kataid kan ngaran kan sarong espesye o iba pang taxon na normal na nag-iindikar nin saiyang kamugtakan bilang puho na.

  1. ↑ McKinney, Michael L. (1997). "How do rare species avoid extinction? A paleontological view". In Kunin, W. E.; Gaston, K. J. The Biology of Rarity. pp. 110–129. doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5874-9_7. ISBN 978-94-010-6483-5. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2015. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Jablonski, D. (2004). "Extinction: past and present". Nature 427 (6975): 589. doi:10.1038/427589a. PMID 14961099. Bibcode: 2004Natur.427..589J.
  3. ↑ Stearns, Beverly Peterson; Stearns, S.C.; Stearns, Stephen C. (2000). Watching, from the Edge of Extinction. Yale University Press. p. preface x. ISBN 978-0-300-08469-6. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Novacek, Michael J. (8 November 2014). "Prehistory's Brilliant Future". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/09/opinion/sunday/prehistorys-brilliant-future.html.
  5. 1 2 Newman, Mark (1997). "A model of mass extinction". Journal of Theoretical Biology 189 (3): 235–252. doi:10.1006/jtbi.1997.0508. PMID 9441817. Bibcode: 1997JThBi.189..235N.
  6. ↑ Mora, Camilo; Tittensor, Derek P.; Adl, Sina; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Worm, Boris (2011). "How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean?". PLOS Biology 9 (8): e1001127. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127. PMID 21886479.
  7. ↑ "Researchers find that Earth may be home to one trillion species". National Science Foundation. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 May 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160504111108/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=138446. Retrieved on 12 August 2025.
  8. ↑ Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Ferry, P.A. (2010). "Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land". Biology Letters 6 (4): 544–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. PMID 20106856.
  9. ↑ Sudakow, Ivan; Myers, Corinne; Petrovskii, Sergei; Sumrall, Colin D.; Witts, James (July 2022). "Knowledge gaps and missing links in understanding mass extinctions: Can mathematical modeling help?". Physics of Life Reviews 41: 22–57. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2022.04.001. PMID 35523056. Bibcode: 2022PhLRv..41...22S.
  10. ↑ "Species disappearing at an alarming rate, report says". NBC News. 17 November 2004. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6502368.
  11. ↑ The Sixth Extinction sa YouTube (PBS Digital Studios, November 17, 2014)
  12. ↑ Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (2015). "Accelerated modern human–induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances 1 (5): e1400253. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMID 26601195. Bibcode: 2015SciA....1E0253C.
  13. ↑ "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice". BioScience 67 (12): 1026–1028. 13 November 2017. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. "Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.".
  14. ↑ Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (10 January 2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMID 35014169. PMC: 9786292. https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03525883/document. Retrieved on 9 February 2022.
  15. ↑ Wilson, E.O., The Future of Life (2002) (ISBN 0-679-76811-4). See also: Leakey, Richard, The Sixth Extinction : Patterns of Life and the Future of Humankind, ISBN 0-385-46809-1
  16. ↑ "Mammal diversity will take millions of years to recover from the current biodiversity crisis". Proc Natl Acad Sci 115 (44): 11262–11267. 2018. doi:10.1073/pnas.1804906115. PMID 30322924. Bibcode: 2018PNAS..11511262D.
  17. ↑ Watts, Jonathan (May 6, 2019). "Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/06/human-society-under-urgent-threat-loss-earth-natural-life-un-report.
  18. ↑ Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019). "Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/06/climate/biodiversity-extinction-united-nations.html.
  19. ↑ "Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'". Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. May 6, 2019. https://www.ipbes.net/news/Media-Release-Global-Assessment.
  20. ↑ Briggs, Helen (July 8, 2022). "Unsustainable logging, fishing and hunting 'driving extinction'". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-62094405.
  21. ↑ "'Frightening' number of plant extinctions found in global survey". The Guardian. 10 June 2019. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 11 June 2019. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
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