Tonkori

An tonkori (トンコリ) sarong pinutol na instrumentong may kwerdas na pigtutugtog kan mga tawong Ainu kan Hokkaidō, norteng Hapon asin Sakhalin . Ini sa pangkagabsan igwa nin limang kuwerdas, na dai napapapondo o napapagal kundi pigtutugtog sana na " bukas ". ^[1] An instrumento pigtutubodan na ginibo sa Sakhalin.^{[nangangaipo nin toltolan]}^{[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span> ]} Kan mga taon 1970 an instrumento haros nawara na, alagad nakakaeksperyensya nin pagbuhay liwat kaiba an nagdadakol na interes sa pamana kan Ainu.

Konstruksiyon

An instrumento tipikal na gibo sa sarong pidaso nin Jezo spruce na mga sarong metro an laba. An porma kaini tradisyonal na sinasabing nakakaagid sa hawak nin sarong babae, asin an mga katumbas na tataramon ginagamit para sa mga parte kaini.^{[nangangaipo nin toltolan]}^{[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span> ]} Sarong gapo an ibinubugtak sa laog kan hawak kan instrumento, na nagtatao kaini nin "kalag". ^[2] An instrumento igwa nin tendensiyang magsukol nin mga 120 cm an laba, 10 cm an lakbang, asin 5 cm ang gibag-on.

An mga higot kan tonkori gibo sa bituka, ^[3] tendon nin usa, ^[4] o hibla nin gulay. Mantang an limang-kuwerdas na tonkori iyo an pinakaparateng nasambit, sinda pwedeng magkaigwa nin dikit na duwa ^[5] o sagkod sa anom na kuwerdas. ^[6] An mga kuwerdas dai pigtutuno sa pagkasunod-sunod kan tono, kundi yaon sa sarong reentrant tuning na nagsasalin-salin sa pag-ultanan kan mas halangkaw asin mas hababang mga kuwerdas, na nag-iitaas asin nagbaba nin ikalima sa sarong pentatonic scale, na parati a-d'-g'-c'-f'. ^[7] An kaparehong estilo nin reentrant tuning a ginamit kan suanoy na bersyon kan Hapon kan koto, an bagon . ^[8]

Toltolan

↑ Alison Tokita (2008). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 338–. ISBN 978-0-7546-5699-9. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ Donald R. Schlief (4 April 2005). Jitensha: Down the Japanese Archipelago on a Bicycle. Trafford Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-1-4120-5033-3. Retrieved 18 May 2012.
↑ The Wire. C. Parker. 2005. p. 61. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ Ann B. Irish (14 October 2009). Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island. McFarland. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-7864-4449-6. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ William P. Malm (1959). Japanese music and musical instruments. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 247. ISBN 9780804803083. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ William W. Fitzhugh; Chisato O. Dubreuil; Arctic Studies Center (National Museum of Natural History) (1999). Ainu: spirit of a northern people. Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780967342900. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ Experimental musical instruments. Experimental Musical Instruments. 1994. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
↑ ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology. International Meeting; Ellen Hickmann; Dr. David W. Hughes (1988). The archaeology of early music cultures: Third International Meeting of the ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology. Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft. ISBN 9783922626510. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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[Tokita2008-1] Alison Tokita (2008). The Ashgate Research Companion to Japanese Music. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 338–. ISBN 978-0-7546-5699-9. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[Schlief2005-2] Donald R. Schlief (4 April 2005). Jitensha: Down the Japanese Archipelago on a Bicycle. Trafford Publishing. pp. 115–. ISBN 978-1-4120-5033-3. Retrieved 18 May 2012.

[The_Wire-3] The Wire. C. Parker. 2005. p. 61. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[Irish2009-4] Ann B. Irish (14 October 2009). Hokkaido: A History of Ethnic Transition and Development on Japan's Northern Island. McFarland. pp. 35–. ISBN 978-0-7864-4449-6. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[Malm1959-5] William P. Malm (1959). Japanese music and musical instruments. C. E. Tuttle Co. p. 247. ISBN 9780804803083. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[FitzhughDubreuil1999-6] William W. Fitzhugh; Chisato O. Dubreuil; Arctic Studies Center (National Museum of Natural History) (1999). Ainu: spirit of a northern people. Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press. ISBN 9780967342900. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[Experimental_musical_instruments-7] Experimental musical instruments. Experimental Musical Instruments. 1994. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

[MeetingHickmann1988-8] ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology. International Meeting; Ellen Hickmann; Dr. David W. Hughes (1988). The archaeology of early music cultures: Third International Meeting of the ICTM Study Group on Music Archaeology. Verlag für systematische Musikwissenschaft. ISBN 9783922626510. Retrieved 22 May 2012.

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