Unibersidad

An unibersidas (Latin: universitas; bilog) iyo an sarong institusyon nin tertiary education asin pagsaligsig na naggagawad nin academic degrees sa nagkapirang academic disciplines.^[1] Ginuno an unibersidad gikan sa Latin phrase na universitas magistrorum et scholarium, na nangangahulugan nin "komunidad nin mga paratukdo asin mga iskolar".^[2] Tipikal na nag-oopresir an mga unibersidad nin mga programang undergraduate asin postgraduate.

An enot na mga unibersidad sa Europa guminikan sa mga eskwelahan na namantinir kan Simbahan para sa katuyuhan na mag-edukar nin mga padi.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] An Unibersidad kan Bologna (Università di Bologna), Italy, na tinugdas kaidtong 1088, iyo an enot na unibersidad sa sentido nin:

being a high degree-awarding institute.
paggamit kan katagang universitas (na tinugdas sa pagkamukna kaiyan).
igwang katalingkasan gikan sa mga eklesiyastikong eskwelahan asin nag-iisyu nin sekular siring man nin bakong sekular na mga digri (na an pagtukdo pigkokondusir kan clergy asin non-clergy): gramatika, rhetoric, logic, teolohiya, canon law asin notarial law.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

Toltolan

↑ "3.1". WordNet Search. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
↑ "Universities". Encyclopædia Britannica (in English) (11th ed.). 1911.
↑ Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. ISBN 9789059724877. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.
↑ A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810884939. All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.
↑ B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. ISBN 9781135205157. Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
↑ Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes. Springer. p. 302. ISBN 9789401796361.
↑ GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9781502606853.
↑ "The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna". www.unibo.it. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Top Universities Archived 17 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010
↑ Paul L. Gaston (2010). The Challenge of Bologna. Stylus. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
↑ Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.
↑ de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages Archived 13 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine., Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55

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[WordNet_Search_u476-1] "3.1". WordNet Search. Retrieved 2023-08-30.

[2] "Universities". Encyclopædia Britannica (in English) (11th ed.). 1911.

[3] Den Heijer, Alexandra (2011). Managing the University Campus: Information to Support Real Estate Decisions. Academische Uitgeverij Eburon. ISBN 9789059724877. Many of the medieval universities in Western Europe were born under the aegis of the Catholic Church, usually as cathedral schools or by papal bull as Studia Generali.

[4] A. Lamport, Mark (2015). Encyclopedia of Christian Education. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 484. ISBN 9780810884939. All the great European universities-Oxford, to Paris, to Cologne, to Prague, to Bologna—were established with close ties to the Church.

[5] B M. Leonard, Thomas (2013). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. Routledge. p. 1369. ISBN 9781135205157. Europe established schools in association with their cathedrals to educate priests, and from these emerged eventually the first universities of Europe, which began forming in the eleventh and twelfth centuries.

[6] Gavroglu, Kostas (2015). Sciences in the Universities of Europe, Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Academic Landscapes. Springer. p. 302. ISBN 9789401796361.

[7] GA. Dawson, Patricia (2015). First Peoples of the Americas and the European Age of Exploration. Cavendish Square Publishing. p. 103. ISBN 9781502606853.

[8] "The University from the 12th to the 20th century - University of Bologna". www.unibo.it. Archived from the original on 5 April 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[9] Top Universities Archived 17 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. World University Rankings Retrieved 6 January 2010

[10] Paul L. Gaston (2010). The Challenge of Bologna. Stylus. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2016. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[Hunt_Janin_2008-11] Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008, ISBN 0-7864-3462-7, p. 55f.

[Ridder-Symoens_1992-12] Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages Archived 13 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine., Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55

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