Hilingon an source kan Alice Paul


 
[[Kategorya:Articles with hCards]]
Si '''Alice Stroke Paul'''(January 11, 1885 - Hulyo 9, 1977) sarong Amerikanong Quaker, parasaligsig, feminista, asin aktibista sa deretsos kan mga babae, asin saro sa pangenot na mga lider asin estratehiya sa kampanya para sa Nineth Amendment pasiring sa Konstitusyon kan E.U., na nagbabawal sa diskriminasyon sa sekso sa diretsong bumoto. Alice Stokes Paul. sffragist. Pinonan ni Paul, asin kaiba si Lucy Burns asin an iba pa, an mapuersang mga pangyayari arog kan Babaeng Suffrage Procession asin an Silen Sentinels, na kabtang kan mapangganang kampanya na nagresulta sa pag - agi kan amienda kan 1920. Lucy Burns. Woman Suffrage Procession. Silent Sentinels<ref name="test">Baker, Jean H., "[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/placards-white-house Placards At The White House]," [[American Heritage (magazine)|''American Heritage'']], Winter 2010, Volume 59, Issue 4.</ref>

Si Pablo parateng nag - aagi nin karingisan nin mga pulis asin nin iba pang pisikal na pagmaltrato sa saiyang aktibismo, na pirmeng minasimbag na mayo nin kadahasan asin kosog nin boot. police brudesidad. Siya napreso sa irarom nin mga teribleng kamugtakan kan 1917 huli sa saiyang partisipasyon sa sarong Silen Sentinels protesta sa atubangan kan White House, ta siya pirang beses nang naging matrayumpo durante kan naenot na mga paghingoa na makua an boto para sa mga babae sa Inglatierra.

Pakalihis kan 1920, si Pablo naggastos nin kabangang siglo bilang lider kan National Woman's Party, na nakipaglaban para sa Equal Rights Adendment, na sinurat ni Paul asin Crystal Libmanan, tanganing makua an konstitusyonal na pagkakapantay-pantay para sa mga babayi. National Woman's Party. Equal Rights Amendment. Crystal Libmanan. Nakua niya an dakulang kapangganahan sa paglaog kan mga kababaihan bilang sarong grupo na protektahan kontra sa diskriminasyon kan Civil Rights Acts kan 1964 kaiba an legal na iskolar na si Pauli Murray. Ciil Rights Acts kan 1964. Pauli Murray.
[[Ladawan:AlicePaulHelenGardener.png|thumb|Paul asin Helen Gardener, ca. 1908 1915]]
Nag - adal si Paul sa Mooretown Friends School, kun saen naggradwar sia sa alitoktok kan saiyang klase.  Kan 1901, nagpasiring siya sa Swarthre College, sarong institusyon na tinogdas kan saiyang lolo. Swarthre College Mantang nag - aatender sa Swarthmore, si Pablo naglingkod bilang miembro kan Executive Board of Student Government, sarong eksperyensia na tibaad nakapukaw sa saiyang sa huri na kaogmahan sa politikal na aktibismo. Naggraduar siya sa Swarthmore College na may bachelor's degree sa biolohiya kan 1905.

Sa sarong kabtang tanganing malikayan an paglaog sa pagtotokdo, natapos ni Pablo an sarong asosasyon taon sa sarong harong nin mga baryo sa Siudad nin Nueva York pakatapos kan saiyang gradwasyon, na nag - iistar sa Lower East Side sa College Settlement House. Mantang nagtatrabaho sa mga aktibidad sa kolonya nagtokdo sa saiya manongod sa pangangaipo na magkaigwa nin tamang inhustisya sa Amerika, dai nahaloy nagdesisyon si Pablo na an trabaho sosyal bakong iyo an paagi na magibo nia an pasohan na ini: " Aram ko sa halipoton na panahon dai ako noarin man magigin social worker, huli ta naheheling ko na an mga social worker daing gayo naggigibo nin marahay sa kinaban... dai nindo kayang liwaton an situwasyon paagi sa trabaho sosyal.." <ref>Alice Paul in oral history compiled by Amelia Fry, [http://www.oac.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt6f59n89c/?brand=oac4 Online Archive of California], quoted in {{Harvp|Adams|Keene|2008|p=7}}.</ref>

Kan huri inako ni Pablo an saiyang titulo sa ley (LL.B) hale sa Washington College of Law sa Unibersidad nin Amerika kan 1922, pakatapos na matapos an rebelyon. Washington College of Law.  Kan 1927, nakua nia an master sa titulo nin ley, asin kan 1928, sarong doktorado sa ley sibil hale sa Unibersidad nin Amerika. prinsipal sa mga ley sa Amerika.<ref name="Lakewood">{{Cite news|title=Alice Paul Biography|url=http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/paul-ali.htm}}</ref>

== Karera ==

=== Britania ===

==== Mga enot na ginibo sa babaeng Britano ====
[[Ladawan:Alice_Paul_(1915)_by_Harris_&_Ewing.jpg|wala|thumb|Si Alice Paul kan 1915]]
Kan 1907, pakatapos kan titulo kan saiyang kagurangnan sa Unibersidad nin Pennsylvania, si Pablo nagbalyo sa Inglaterra, kun saen sa kahurihurihi sia napalabot na marhay sa mobimientong pan - aabuso kan mga babaeng Britano, na regular na nakikikabtang sa mga demonstrasyon asin pagmartsa kan Sosyedad asin Politikal Union kan mga Babae (WSPU). Women's Social and Political Union Pakalihis nin "konversion eksperensya" na naheling si Christabel Pankhurst na nagtataram sa Unibersidad nin Birmingham, si Pablo nagin kabtang kan mobimiento. Enot na naimbuelto sia sa pagpabakal nin magasin na Suffragist sa mga kanto sa tinampo. Ini partikularmenteng depisil na gibohon kun iisipon an pagkaanggot sa mga Suffragista asin binuksan an saiyang mga mata sa pagmaltrato na inatubang kan mga babae sa mobimiento.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Alice Paul and the American Suffrage Campaign|last=Adams|first=Katherine|last2=Keene|first2=Michael|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-252-07471-4|location=Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> An mga eksperyensiang ini, kaiba an mga katokdoan ni Propesor Beatrice Webb, nakakombensir ki Pablo na an sosyal na trabaho asin pag - abuloy dai kayang papangyarihon an kinakaipuhan na sosyal na mga pagbabago sa sosyedad: Magigibo sana ini paagi sa pantay - pantay na legal na posisyon para sa mga babae. Beatrice Webb<ref name=":0" />

Mantang yaon sa Londres, namidbid man ni Paul si Lucy Burns, sarong kapwa aktibistang Amerikano, kan arestaron sa sarong istasyon nin pulis na Britano, na magigin importanteng kaalyado sa lawig kan rebelyon sa ralaban, enot sa Inglaterra, dangan sa Estados Unidos.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Rise up, women! : the remarkable lives of the suffragettes|last=Atkinson|first=Diane|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2018|isbn=9781408844045|location=London|oclc=1016848621}}</ref> Tolos na nakua kan duwang babae an tiwala kan prominenteng mga miembro kan WSPU asin pinonan na organisaron an mga okasyon asin opisina sa kampanya. Kan probaran ni Emmeline Pankhurst na palakopon an mobimiento pasiring sa Scotland, inibanan sia ni Paul asin Burns bilang katabang. Emmeline Pankhurst<ref name=":0"/>

Tolos - tolos na nakua ni Pablo an tiwala nin mga kapwa miembro kan WSPU paagi sa saiyang talento paagi sa biotoriko sa pagheling asin sa saiyang pagigin andam na ibugtak an saiyang sadiri sa pisikal na peligro tanganing dugangan an pagigin risang - risang mobimiento. Mantang nasa opisina prinsipal kan WSPU sa Edinburgh, si Paul asin an lokal na mga parasaligsig naggibo nin mga plano na iprotektahan an sarong pahayag kan Ministro nin Foreign Affairs, si Sir Edward Grey. ⁇ Edward Grey. Sa laog nin sarong semana bago kaini, nakipag - olay sinda sa mga tawo sa mga tinampo tanganing palakopon an kaaraman manongod sa kun taano sinda ta nagrereklamo tumang sa miembro kan Camarines Sur. Sa miting, pakatapos na pag - olayan ni Grey an proposisyon na ley na sinabi niang magiya pasiring sa prosperidad, si Pablo nagtindog asin nagkagsing: "Woll, ini marahayon nanggad na mga pasohan, alagad dai mo daw iyan ikapaabot sa mga babae?"<ref name=":0"/> An mga pulis nagsimbag paagi sa pagbutong sa saiya paluwas sa pagtiripon asin pag - agi sa mga tinampo pasiring sa presinto kun saen sia inarestar. Siring sa plano, an aktong ini minansay nin dakol bilang sarong hayag na pagbugtak nin lehitimong pagprotesta asin nagresulta sa pagdugang nin tutob nin prensa asin simpatiya sa publiko.<ref name=":0" />
[[Ladawan:Alice_Paul-Gravesite.jpg|thumb|An lolobngan ni Alice Paul]]

== Legasiya ==
[[Ladawan:Alice_Paul_dorm,_Swarthmore_College_(2)_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Alice Paul residence hall at Swarthmore College]]

== See also ==

* ''Iron Jawed Angels'', 2004 film about Alice Paul and Lucy Burns and their movement which resulted in the passage of the 19th Amendment.
* List of civil rights leaders
* List of suffragists and suffragettes
* List of women's rights activists
* Timeline of women's suffrage
* Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States
* Women's suffrage organizations

== Reperensya ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Iba pang babasahon ==

* Baker, Jean H. ''Sisters: The Lives of American Suffragists.'' New York: Hill and Wang, 2005.
* _____. ''Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
* Butler, Amy E. ''Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921–1929.'' Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002.
* Cahill, Bernadette. ''Alice Paul, the National Woman's Party and the Vote: The First Civil Rights Struggle of the 20th Century.'' Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2005.
* Cassidy, Tina. ''Mr. President, how Long Must We Wait?: Alice Paul, Woodrow Wilson, and the Fight for the Right to Vote'' (2019).
* {{Cite journal|last1=Cott|first1=Nancy F.|title=Feminist politics in the 1920s: The National Woman's Party}}
* Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. ''American Women Activists' Writings: An Anthology, 1637–2002.'' New York: Cooper Square Press, 2002.
* Dodd, Lynda G. "Parades, Pickets, and Prison: Alice Paul and the Virtues of Unruly Constitutional Citizenship." ''Journal of Law and Politics'' 24 (2008): 339–433. [http://www.lyndagdodd.com/2_Research/Research_4_Dodd_FINAL_Alice%20Paul%20Paper.pdf online]
* Evans, Sara M. ''Born for Liberty: A History of Women in America.'' New York: The Free Press, 1989.
* {{Cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=Sally Hunter|title=Woodrow Wilson, Alice Paul, and the Woman Suffrage Movement|url=http://72.22.72.207/History102/Articles/Alice%20Paul2.pdf|access-date=2022-03-31|archivedate=2014-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606233722/http://72.22.72.207/History102/Articles/Alice%20Paul2.pdf}}
* Hartmann, Susan M. "Paul, Alice"; [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00537.html; ''American National Biography Online'' Feb. 2000] Access June 5, 2014
* {{Cite journal|last1=Hawranick|first1=Sylvia|title=Alice Paul: Activist, advocate, and one of ours}}
* Hill, Jeff. ''Defining Moments: Women's Suffrage.'' Detroit: Omnigraphics, Inc., 2006.
* Irwin, Inez Haynes. ''The Story of Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party.'' Fairfax: Denlinger's Publishers, LTD, 1964.
* Leleux, Robert. "Suffragettes March on Washington." ''The American Prospect'' 24 (2013): 81.
* Lunardini, Christine. ''Alice Paul: Equality for Women.'' Boulder: Westview Press, 2013.
* _______. ''From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party, 1910–1928.'' New York: New York University Press, 1986.
* {{Cite journal|last1=McGerr|first1=Michael|title=Political Style and Woman's Power, 1830–1930}}
* Olson, Tod. "One Person, One Vote." ''Scholastic Update'' 127 (1994): 15
* Stevens, Doris. ''Jailed for Freedom.'' New York: Liverwright Publishing Corporation, 1920.
* Stillion Southard, Belinda Ann. "The National Woman's Party's Militant Campaign for Woman Suffrage: Asserting Citizenship Rights through Political Mimesis." (2008). [[hdl:1903/8759|PhD thesis, U of Maryland online]]
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780230611757|title=A Woman's Crusade: Alice Paul and the Battle for the Ballot|last=Walton|first=Mary|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-61175-7|url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Ware|first1=Susan|title=The book I couldn't write: Alice Paul and the challenge of feminist biography}}
* Willis, Jean L. "Alice Paul: The Quintessential Feminist," in ''Feminist Theorists,'' ed. Dale Spender (1983).
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xit8AwAAQBAJ|title=Alice Paul: Claiming Power|last=Zahniser|first=J. D.|last2=Fry|first2=Amelia R.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-019-9958429|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HCPQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT96|title=Alice Paul and the Fight for Women's Rights: From the Vote to the Equal Rights Amendment|last=Deborah Kops|publisher=Boyds Mills Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-62979-795-3|pages=96–}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.alicepaul.org/ The Alice Paul Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060619192543/http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/paul-ali.htm Alice Paul] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20060604030835/http://www.lkwdpl.org/wihohio/index.html Lakewood Public Library:  Women In History]
* [http://sewallbelmont.org/ The Sewall-Belmont House & Museum – Home of the historic National Woman's Party]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081222211947/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/people/1800s/paul_alice.html Biographical sketch] at the University of Pennsylvania
* [https://colenda.library.upenn.edu/catalog/81431-p3x34mz4v Manuscript version of Paul's PhD dissertation], "The Legal Position of Women in Pennsylvania" at the University of Pennsylvania
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00207 Papers, 1785–1985.] [http://radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library Schlesinger Library], Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* "[http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9Ci-was-arrested-course%E2%80%A6%E2%80%9D I Was Arrested, Of Course…]", <nowiki><i id="mwBNE">American Heritage</i></nowiki>, February 1974, Volume 25, Issue 2. Interview of Alice Paul by Robert S. Gallagher.
* [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt6f59n89c/ Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment, An Interview Conducted by Amelia R. Fry, 1979, The Bancroft Library]
* Michals, Debra.  [https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/alice-paul "Alice Paul"].  National Women's History Museum.  2015.
[[Kategorya:Pages with unreviewed translations]]