Hilingon an source kan Harper Lee

{{Infobox writer|name=Harper Lee|image=HarperLee 2007Nov05.jpg|image_size=|caption=Lee on November 5, 2007|pseudonym=Harper Lee|birth_name=Nelle Harper Lee|birth_date={{Birth date|1926|4|28}}|birth_place=[[Monroeville, Alabama]], U.S.|death_date={{Death date and age|2016|2|19|1926|4|28}}|death_place=Monroeville, Alabama, U.S.|occupation=[[Novelist]]|period=1960–2016|nationality=American|genre=Literature, fiction|movement=[[Southern Gothic]]|signature=Harper Lee signature.svg|notableworks=''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]''<br/>''[[Go Set a Watchman]]''|education=[[University of Alabama]]}}Si '''Nelle Harper Lee''' (Abril 28, 1926 -Pebrero19, 2016) sarong Amerikanong nobelista na nagin bantog huli sa saiyang nobelang "To Kill a Mocking Bird''"'', na pinublikar kan1960. Nagi ining matrayumpu tulos-tulos, guminana ngani ini kan 1961 [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize|Pulitzer Prize]] asin nagin klasikong modernong literaturang Amerikano. Dawa saro sana an pinublikar ni Lee nin libro, kan taon 2007 tinawan syang gawad na ''"[[:en:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom|Presidential Medal of Freedom]]"'' para sa saiyang kontribusyon sa literatura.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2007/11/20071105-1.html|title=President Bush Honors Medal of Freedom Recipients|publisher=[[The White House]]|date=November 5, 2007}}</ref> Idagdag pa kaini, si Lee nakaresibe man nin gulping [[:en:Honorary_degree|honorary degrees]], dawa pa ngani dai sya nagtutugot na magtaram sa mga okasyon na ini. Midbid man sya sa pag tabang sa saiyang amigo na si  [[:en:Truman_Capote|Truman Capote]] sa saiyang paghanap nin mga impormasyon sa nobelang ''[[:en:In_Cold_Blood|In Cold Blood]]'' (1966).<ref>{{Cite news|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/may/04/harper-lee-sues-agent-copyright|date=May 4, 2013|author=Harris, Paul|title=Harper Lee sues agent over copyright to To Kill A Mockingbird}}</ref> Si Capote an basehan kan karakter na Dill sa ''To Kill a Mockingbird''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Harper Lee, elusive author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' is dead at 89|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/harper-lee-elusive-author-of-to-kill-a-mockingbird-is-dead/2016/02/19/a1421368-d71e-11e5-be55-2cc3c1e4b76b_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 19, 2016|author=Langer}}</ref>

An istorya asin man an mga karakter sa ''[[:en:To_Kill_a_Mockingbird|To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' nakabase sa mga obserbasyon ni Lee sa saiyang sadiring pamilya asin sa saiyang mga kataraning sa harong, pati man sa sarong pangyayari sa saiyang lugar kan 1936, kan sya sampulong taon pa sana. An  nobela minatukar kan pagka-palta rason kan mga gurang patunkol sa rasa asin klase sa Deep South kan 1930s, sa perspektibo nin sarong aki. An nobela inspirado kan mga pag-uugali manungod sa rasa sa saiyang sadiring lugar sa [[:en:Monroeville,_Alabama|Monroeville, Alabama]].

An saro pang nobela, ''[[:en:Go_Set_a_Watchman|Go Set a Watchman]]'', na naisurat katahawan kan 1950s asin naipunlikar man kan Hulyo 2015 bilang "sequel", dawa pa ngani aban-aban kinumpirma ini bilang drapto sana kan ''To Kill a Mockingbird''.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/25/opinion/joe-nocera-the-watchman-fraud.html|title=The Harper Lee 'Go Set A Watchman' Fraud|first=Joe|last=Nocera|publisher=The New York Times|date=July 24, 2015|accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/books/2015/02/03/harper-lee-second-novel-mockingbird-watchman/22792273|title=New Harper Lee novel on the way!|first=Ann|last=Oldenburg|date=February 3, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref><ref name="New York Times February 2015">{{Cite news|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|title=Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Is to Publish a Second Novel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/04/books/harper-lee-author-of-to-kill-a-mockingbird-is-to-publish-a-new-novel.html|date=February 3, 2015|accessdate=February 3, 2015}}</ref>

== Kinaamayi kan Buhay ==
Si Nelle Harper Lee pinangaki kan Abril 28, 1926, sa [[:en:Monroeville,_Alabama|Monroeville, Alabama]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/20/arts/harper-lee-dies.html|title=Harper Lee, Author of 'To Kill a Mockingbird,' Dies at 89|date=February 19, 2016|accessdate=February 19, 2016|last=Grimes|first=William}}</ref> kun sain sya an nguhod sa apat na aki ninda Frances Cunningham (Finch) and asin man agom kaining si [[:en:Amasa_Coleman_Lee|Amasa Coleman Lee]].<ref name="EoABio">{{Cite web|last=Anderson|first=Nancy G.|title=Nelle Harper Lee|url=http://eoa.auburn.edu/face/Article.jsp?id=h-1126|publisher=Auburn University at Montgomery|accessdate=November 3, 2010|date=March 19, 2007}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An saiyang mga magurang pinili an saiyang tahaw-ngaran na , Harper, bilang pag taong onra sa pediatrikong si Dr. William W. Harper, kan Selma, Alabama, na nagsalbar sa buhay kan saiyang tugang na si Louise.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Mockingbird Next Door: Life with Harper Lee|last1=Mills|first1=Marja|date=2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=9780698163836|page=181}}</ref> An saiya man na panginot ngaran na ''Nelle'', ngaran kan saiyang lolahun na pigbirik an pakabasa;<ref name="KovaleskiNYTimes">{{Cite news|last=Kovaleski|first=Serge|date=March 11, 2015|title=Harper Lee's Condition Debated by Friends, Fans and Now State of Alabama|url=http://mobile.nytimes.com/2015/03/12/arts/artsspecial/harper-lees-ability-to-consent-to-new-book-continues-to-be-questioned.html|accessdate=March 12, 2015}}</ref> kaya ''Harper Lee'' an saiyang nagin ngaran panurat.<ref name="KovaleskiNYTimes" /> An saiyang ina napipirmi sana sa saindang harong ; an saiyang ama, dating editor kan mga peryodiko, asin man kagsasadiri, nag kua nin abogasiya asin nagserbe sa [[:en:Alabama_Legislature|Alabama State Legislature]] poon 1926 hasta 1938. Bago pa man si A.C. Lee magin tituladong abogado, dinepensahan nya an duwang itom na lalake na pig akusaran nin pangagadan nin puting para tinda. An parehong klehente, ama, asin aki, pigbiriknay.<ref name="shields">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8cm3hxUd7MC&|title=Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee|last=Shields|first=Charles J.|publisher=Henry Holt and Co.|year=2006|accessdate=February 19, 2016}}</ref> Si Lee igwa nin tulong tugang: sinda Alice Finch Lee (1911–2014),<ref name="aliceobit">{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-alice-lee-20141123-story.html|title=Lawyer Alice Lee dies at 103; sister of 'To Kill a Mockingbird' author|first=Elaine|last=Woo|date=November 22, 2014}}</ref> Louise Lee Conner (1916–2009), and Edwin Lee (1920–1951).<ref name="louiseobit">{{Cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/gainesville/obituary.aspx?n=louise-l-conner&pid=134447749|title=Louise L. Conner Obituary}}</ref>

Mantang nagkaklase sa [[:en:Monroe_County_High_School_(Alabama)|Monroe County High School]], si Lee nagkaigwa nin interes sa Literaturang Ingles. Kan sya mag gradwar sa sekondarya kan 1944,<ref name="EoABio"/> nagpasiring sya sa pambabayi sanang eskwelahan na [[:en:Huntingdon_College|Huntingdon College]] sa [[:en:Montgomery,_Alabama|Montgomery]] sa laog kan sarong taon, asin nagpasiring sa [[:en:University_of_Alabama|University of Alabama]] sa Tuscaloosa, kun sain sya nag adal nin pag-abogasiya sa laog kan pirang taon asin nagsurat man para sa peryodikong pan-unibersidad, alagad dai nya man natapos an pagklase kaini.<ref name="EoABio" />  Kan tig-init kan 1948, si Lee nag atender nin ''summer school'' sa ''European civilization'' sa [[:en:University_of_Oxford|Oxford University]] duman sa England, tustos kan saiyang ama, na naglalaom– alagad dai man nin nangyari, na magkaka-interes si Lee sa pag adal nin batas sa Tuscaloosa.

== ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' ==
{{quote|I never expected any sort of success with ''Mockingbird''. I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers, but at the same time I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I hoped for a little, as I said, but I got rather a whole lot, and in some ways this was just about as frightening as the quick, merciful death I'd expected.|Harper Lee, quoted in Newquist, 1964<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Newquist |editor-first=Roy |title=Counterpoint |location=Chicago |publisher=Rand McNally |year=1964 |isbn=1-111-80499-0}}</ref>}}Kan taon 1949, si Lee nag pasiring sa [[Nueva York|New York City]] asin nagkua nin trabaho bilang ''airline reservation agent'', nagsusurat osipon sa saiyang mga bakanteng oras. Huli ta nagsusurat man nin haralawig na istorya, si  Lee nakakua nin ahente kan Nobyembre 1956. Kan nagsunod sanang bulan, sa [[:en:Michael_Brown_(writer)|Michael Brown]] sa  ''East 50th Street townhouse'', nakakua sya nin regalong sarong taon na sweldo na igwa nin surat hali sa saiyang mga katood na ''"You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please.'' ''Merry Christmas."<ref name="nndb">{{Cite web|title=Harper Lee|publisher=NNDB.com|url=http://www.nndb.com/people/572/000025497/|accessdate=May 7, 2007}}</ref>''

=== Pinaghalian ===
Kan ''spring'' kan taon 1957, an 31-anyos na si Lee nagpadara kan saiyang manuskrito na ''Go Set a Watchman'' sa saiyang ahente tangani na maipadara sa mga paralimbag, kairiba ngani an ngunyan dai naman nag-ooperar na [[:en:J._B._Lippincott_&_Co.|J. B. Lippincott Company]], na buminakal man kaini.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Sa Lippincott, an nobela nakaabot sa kamot ni ''Therese von Hohoff Torrey''—mas midbid sa ngaran na [[:en:Tay_Hohoff|Tay Hohoff]]. Si Hohoff nag bilib sa gibo ni Lee. ''"[T]he spark of the true writer flashed in every line",''  rumdom nya pa sa kasaysayan kan Lippincott.<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Kundi sa paghiling ni Hohoff , an manuskrito dai man angay sa publikasyon. Sa pagkakasabi nya,"serye ini nin mga anekdota imbes na nobela<ref name="nytimes.com" /> Kan suminunod pang mga taon, tinabangan nya si Lee na maantos an libro na iyo na ngani an ''To Kill a Mockingbird''.<ref name="nytimes.com" />

Arog kan ibang mga parasurat na dai pa nagkakarilimbag an mga gibo, si Lee dai man kasigurohan sa saiyang talento. "Saro akong nagpopoon pa sanang parasurat sabi ninda," an sabi man ni Lee kan 2015 manungod sa ebolusyon kan ''Watchman'' pasiring sa ''Mockingbird''.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Si Hohoff nag opreser nin mas detalyadong karakterisasyon sa proseso  "Pakalihis kan mga salang kapinonan, linya kan istorya, pagsaralidahan kan mga karakter, asin kan an empasis magi na nin malinaw, asin sa kada pag rebisa—gulpi nin mga sadit na pagbabago sa kusog asin bisyon ka ini—an totoong statura kan nobela nagluwas."((Kan  1978, an Lippincott nakua kan [[:en:Harper_(publisher)|Harper & Row]], na nagi man [[:en:HarperCollins|HarperCollins]], kaglimbag kan ''Watchman.'')<ref name="nytimes.com" />

Igwa nin nagluluwas na pagtinauhan kan parasurat asin kan editor. . "Pag dai sya uyon sa sarong suhestyon, inuulayan mi ini, minsan ngani sa laog nin halawigon na oras," sabi ni Hohoff . "Asin minsan man mapasiring sya sa kun pano ako mag-isip, dangan iyo man sya sako, minsan ngani an diskusyon makakapaluwas nin bagong linya. "<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/books/the-invisible-hand-behind-harper-lees-to-kill-a-mockingbird.html|title=The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee's 'To Kill A Mockingbird'|first=Jonathan|last=Mahler|work=The New York Times|date=July 12, 2015|accessdate=December 15, 2015}}</ref>{{External media|float=right|video1=[https://www.c-span.org/video/?326872-1/after-words-charles-shields ''After Words'' interview with Shields on ''Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee'', July 11, 2015], [[C-SPAN]]}}Sa saiyang relasyon ki Lee, malinaw na si Hohoff nagtatao sana nin maninigong giyang editoryal. Sarong banggi nin ''winter'', si [[:en:Charles_J._Shields|Charles J. Shields]] nagrumdom sa ''Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee,'' inapon ni Lee an manuskrito sa luwas kan saiyang bintana, bago apudan si Hohoff mantang naghihibi. "Sinabihan sya ni Tay na magluwas asin puruton utro si mga papel," pagsurat ni Shields.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

Kan matapos an nobela, mas pinili kan parasurat an ngaran na "Harper Lee", kaysa sa Nelle na mabasa bilang"Nellie".<ref>{{Cite news}}</ref>

Pinublikar kan Hulyo 11, 1960, an  ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' nagin sarong ''bestseller'' asin guminana nin dakulang pag omaw sa mga kritiko, kaayon an [[:en:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction|Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] kan 1961. Hasta sa ngunyan ini ''bestseller'',na igwa ngani ni 30 milyon na kopya sa imprenta. Kan 1999, ini ipigboto bilang "Best Novel of the Century" sa poll kan ''[[:en:Library_Journal|Library Journal]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1960, To Kill a Mockingbird|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/tokillamockingbird.html|publisher=PBS|accessdate=November 30, 2014}}</ref>

=== Autobiograpikong mga detalye sa nobela ===
Arog ni Lee, si Scout sa nobela ako kan sarong respetadong abogada sa Alabama. An saiyang katood na si Dill, sarong karakter na inspirado hali sa katawuhan kan saiya man na amigo na si Truman Capote. Huli kaini, si Lee, nagi man basehan sa saro sa mga karakter sa nobela ni Capote, ''Other Voices, Other Rooms,'' na naipublikar kan taon 1948. Dawa ngani an istorya ni Lee igwa nin pagkakaagid sa sarong ''interracial rape,'' kasong dai napangganahan kan saiyang ama, ini nakatabang man na maray tangani na mahurma an saiyang kosensya pansosyal. 

Pigkokonsiderar ni Truman Capote an detalyeng autobiyograpikal sa pag mensyonar sa karakter na si '''''Boo Radley'''''  sa '''''To Kill a Mocking Bird ,''''' "Sa sakong orihinal na bersyon kan '''''Other Voices, Other Rooms''''', igwa man ako nin siring na karakter na nakaistar sa sarong harong, na nagwawaltak nin mga gamit sa mga poon kan kahoy, asin ini sakuya man na pigkukurua. Totoo syang tawo asin nakaistar sya harani sana sa samo. Minsan mi pang pigkukurua an mga gamit na idto sa mga poon kan kahoy. Gabos na ipigsurat nya manungod duman anas totoo. Alagad kun hilngon mo, kinua ko man an parehong karakter kundi sa perspektibong Gotiko, ginibo sa iba man na maray na paagi.

== Mga Gibo ==

=== Libro ===

* ''To Kill a Mockingbird'' (1960)
* ''Go Set a Watchman'' (2015)

=== Artikulo ===

* {{Cite news|title=Love—In Other Words|date=April 15, 1961|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]|pages=64–65}}
* {{Cite news|title=Christmas to Me|date=December 1961|work=[[McCall's]]}}
* {{Cite news|title=When Children Discover America|date=August 1965|work=McCall's}}
* {{Cite news|title=Romance and High Adventure|date=1983}} A paper presented in Eufaula, Alabama, and collected in the anthology ''Clearings in the Thicket'' (1985).
* {{Cite news|title=[[Open letter]] to [[Oprah Winfrey]]|date=July 2006|work=[[O: The Oprah Magazine]]}}

== Hilingon man ==

* Alabama literature

== Toltolan ==

== Panluwas na Takod ==

* Harper Lee at the Internet Book List
* Harper Lee on IMDb 
* "Harper Lee collected news and commentary". The Guardian. 
* Works by or about Harper Lee in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
* Harper Lee at Find a Grave



[[Kategorya:Mga parasurat]]