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1. REDIRECT Dutch New Guinea

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(Redirected from Netherlands New Guinea) Not to be confused with Dutch Guinea. Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.

Dutch New Guinea Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962 Flag of Dutch New Guinea

Flag of the Netherlands

Morning Star flag

(1961–1962) Coat of arms (1961–1962) of Dutch New Guinea Coat of arms

(1961–1962) Motto: Love, Kasih, Abua (Indonesian)

Pius, Honestus, Amica (Latin)

"Loyal, Honest, Affectionate" Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)

(English: "William")

Hai Tanahku Papua (Indonesian)

(English: "Oh My Land Papua") Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea [[Status Presidential Republik of the Netherlands (1949–1954)

Overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954–1962) Capital Hollandia Common languages Dutch

Papuan Malay

Papuan languages

Austronesian languages Religion Christianity

Animism (folk / ethnic) Government Nederlands New Guinea administration Monarch President • 1949–1962 Sony Esau Mbisikmbo Governor Vice President • 1950–1953 (first) Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg • 1958–1962 (last)

• 1965 - 2023 (last) Menteri Pieter Johannes Platteel

Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Ketua Umum Sony Esau Mbisikmbo.S.Kom [[Historical era Cold War]] • Established 27 December 1949 • Disestablished 1 October 1962 Area • Total 421,981 km2 (162,928 sq mi) Population • 1955 321,000 Currency NNG Gulden Rupiah Papua Barat Preceded by Succeeded by Dutch East Indies Great East United Nations Temporary Executive Authority

Today part of Indonesia Or Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat (claimed by the Republic of West Papua) Steamboat connections in Ambon Residence, Dutch East Indies in 1915 During the Indonesian Revolution, the Dutch launched a police action ("Operation Product") to capture territory from the Papua Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Papua Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the separation of Dutch New Guinea from the broader Indonesian settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state.

In contrast, the Indonesian Republic, as successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia after Indonesian independence. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council.

Following the Vlakke Hoek incident, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963. A plebiscite, the Act of Free Choice, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed.

Pre-World War II Until after World War II the western part of the island of New Guinea was part of the Great East (

Plantilya:En-tête label Plantilya:Infobox Pays

L’Indonésie, en forme longue la république d'Indonésie (en indonésien Plantilya:Langue et Plantilya:Langue) est un pays transcontinental principalement situé en Asie du Sud-Est. Avec, comptabilisées à ce jour, [[Liste des îles d'Indonésie|Plantilya:Unité]], dont 922 habitées, il s'agit du plus grand archipel au monde · . Avec une population estimée à 270 millions de personnes, composée de plus de Plantilya:Nombre ethniques et parlant plus de 700 langues, c'est le quatrième pays le plus peuplé au monde et le premier pays à majorité musulmane pour le nombre de croyants. L'Indonésie est une république dont la capitale est Jakarta, et qui doit être transférée dans une nouvelle ville nommée Nusantara, sur l'île de Bornéo, à partir de 2024.

Dans les premiers siècles av. J.-C., l'archipel indonésien est une importante région d'échanges avec l'Inde et la Chine au cœur d'un réseau centré sur le Fou-nan. Les chefs de ces cités portuaires indonésiennes adoptent des modèles culturels, religieux et politiques indiens. À partir du Plantilya:S-, le centre des échanges se déplace vers le royaume de Sriwijaya dans le sud de Sumatra. Le Plantilya:S- voit se développer dans le centre de Java une culture du riz prospère qui permet à différents royaumes de bâtir de grands monuments religieux. C'est le début de la période classique indonésienne.

Avec le déclin de la route de la soie, le détroit de Malacca devient un carrefour maritime majeur pour le commerce entre l'Indonésie et la Chine d'une part et l'Inde et le Moyen-Orient d'autre part. L'archipel indonésien est intégré à un réseau commercial international bientôt dominé par des marchands musulmans. Les princes des ports se convertissent progressivement à l'islam.

Au Plantilya:S-, l'âge des Grandes découvertes, les puissances européennes cherchent à accéder directement aux Moluques, région productrice d'épices. En 1511, les Portugais de Goa conquièrent Malacca et s'y établissent. Les Néerlandais les chassent en 1605. Au Plantilya:S-, ils éliminent leur rival dans l'Est de l'archipel, dans ce qui deviendra le royaume de Gowa, et s'établissent à Java. L'île est minée par les guerres de succession du royaume de Mataram qui cède peu à peu une partie de ses territoires aux Néerlandais. Au Plantilya:S-, les colonisateurs peuvent commencer l'exploitation économique de l'île et imposer leur loi au reste de l'archipel. Un mouvement national naît au début du Plantilya:S-. En 1945, Soekarno et Mohammad Hatta proclament l'indépendance de l'Indonésie. Les années 1950 sont marquées par de nombreux mouvements séparatistes. À la suite des événements de 1965-66, le général Soeharto prend le pouvoir. Il démissionne en 1998, ce qui permet au pays d'entamer le début d'un processus de démocratisation.

À travers ses nombreuses îles, l'Indonésie comprend de nombreux groupes distincts culturellement, linguistiquement et religieusement. Les Javanais forment la population la plus représentée sur le plan du nombre et de l'influence politique. En tant qu'État unitaire et en tant que nation, l'Indonésie a développé une identité commune en définissant une langue nationale appelée « indonésien » (qui est une des formes du malais), et en respectant sa diversité et le pluralisme religieux au sein de sa majorité musulmane.

Malgré sa forte population et ses régions densément peuplées, l'Indonésie comporte de vastes zones sauvages, ce qui donne au pays une grande biodiversité même si ce patrimoine régresse à cause d'activités humaines en forte augmentation.

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President Sony Esau Mbisikmbo Hide quoted text

On Fri, Aug 25, 2023, 23:23 Esau Mbisikmbo <mbisikmboe@gmail.com> wrote: Plantilya:Infobox historisch land Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea – nu de provincies Papoea en West-Papoea (Papua Barat) van Indonesië – was van 1949 tot 1962 een overzees gebiedsdeel van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden als deel van het eiland Nieuw-Guinea. Voor die tijd maakte het deel uit van Nederlands-Indië; bij de overdracht van de soevereiniteit aan Indonesië behield Nederland Nieuw-Guinea. De motiveringen van de Nederlandse regering hiervoor wisselden herhaaldelijk. In ieder geval werd het Nederlandse beleid sterk bepaald door de houding van Nederland ten opzichte van Indonesië. Enerzijds wilde men Nieuw-Guinea gebruiken als Nederlandse invloedssfeer in de regio; anderzijds wilde men door Nieuw-Guinea te "ontwikkelen" en de Papoea-bevolking te emanciperen bewijzen dat Nederland als koloniale mogendheid niet had gefaald.

Indonesië eiste Nieuw-Guinea op en het geschil over dit gebied droeg in belangrijke mate bij tot de snel verslechterende relatie tussen Nederland en Indonesië na de onafhankelijkheid van dat land. In 1962 droeg Nederland onder druk van de internationale gemeenschap en een dreigende oorlog met Indonesië Nieuw-Guinea de facto aan Indonesië over.

LEMBAGA ALKITAB INDONESIA MEMBERIKAN KUASA KEPADA PENGINJIL LEMBAGA ALKITAB PAPUA UNTUK MENUNTUK UMAT DI ATAS HAK ULAYAT TANAH ADAT BLACK MELANESIA AUSTRALASIA NEDERLANDS NEW GUINEA MULAI 1 DESEMBER 1961 SAMPAI SAAT INI 2023. DAN LAI LEMBAGA ALKITAB INDONESIA SUDAH DI BAGI HAK ULAYAT TANAH ADAT KAMI MASING MASING SABANG ACEH SAMPAI MERAUKE. OLEH KARENA ITU NEGARA AGAMA ADAT HAM SABANG ACEH SAMPAI MERAUKE SEGERA MENGAMBIL SIKAP UNTUK ATUR PULAU MASING MASING SABANG ACEH SAMPAI MERAUKE. PERINTAH TUHAN KEPADA YOSUA UNTUK MEREBUT TANAH KANAAN YAITU; INTERNASIONAL DAN NASIONAL, LEBIH KHUSUS SABANG ACEH SAMPAI MERAUKE. SESUAI LEMBAGA ALKITAB, LEMBAGA ALGURAN, LEMBAGA ADAT, LEMBAGA HAM, DAN LEMBAGA NEGARA.

LEMBAGA ALKITAB PAPUA BAHASA NDUGA

Inndi yenggerak wolmomtak kerep duabelas ndok wosa mendaga pidnak wene 4:1–5:1 41 Nde, Isarael nap oboksa Yi Yareren eyak ele bem ndil laigarik woragola, Nagawan Indo-nen Yosua yak tosolar-e: 2 ”Ap enlem lombok enpe duabelas lenak inpi-o. 3 Lenak unpurug-e, it iri-nen kerep duabelas Yi Yareren enggendumu-nen wanuwakluk enpem pi-o. Kerep ereba wanogolar-e, mondok tepan omborak mendak woraiga sa-nen wanuruk, kud turuk mburuwarik, yanem kit o lije wutluk woragup sa iri me-t pil mburuwag-o” yak tij-o. 4 Yak tosoloma, Yosua-nen-e ap duabelas lenak inpid ereya na wene mbo unpuruk-nen 5 yak ondosolar-e: ”Kir-e Nagawan Indo Kenmbal Pem Nagawan-nen idnak urul pidnak wene labu mbarak iri eram mburugupndik yi enggendumu-nen kinlit wosa kerep duabelas Isarael nap kenlem ndak ndag-et kud turuk, lobok yer-o. 6 Nde, kerep ereba-nen-e Nagawan Indo-nen kwarid yeba Isarael nap kinndi yeberak kunpuwa-o. Nde, abok kinlirak-nen nde ’Kerep yeba-ge ebe-ge no kwaridnak ala-n pidnag-o?’ luk kin wanogola-ge, 7 kit-nen it yak ondogolar-e: ’Nagawan Indo-nen idnak urul pidnak wene labu mbarak iri na Yi Yareren mbatluk ndil wagola, yi na mbuguksa labuk yamu-nen wanidnag-o’ luk yak undurag-o. Nde, kerep yeba-nen-e yu me-nen kwaridnak mende-ge pempa Isarael nap inndi yeberak perenak wolma-o” luk yak indij-o. 8 Nde, it ap duabelas ereya na-nen-e Nagawan Indo-nen Yosua mul tosola, it yak indid ereba na ndak ndag-et kwariga-o. Kwarogolar-e, Isarael nap enlem ndak wosa kerep duabelas Yi Yareren enggendumu-nen wanuruk, waruk mbirigarig-e, it worali sa piga-o. 9 Tepan omborak-nen urul pidnak wene labu mbarak kudsa mendak woraidnak sa Yi Yareren enggendumu iri na me-ge Yosua-nen-e kerep duabelas irit mendaga pil lagaij-o. Nde, kerep mendaga pil lagaid ereba-ge yawo-nen na worasur-o. 10 Nde, it tepan omborak ereba na-ge Yi Yareren enggendumu irit mendak irit worakmu, Nagawan Indo-nen Yosua mul tosola, Yosua-nen ap ereba enpem pid ereba na-t ndegera kwariga-o. Nde, ereba kwariga iri-ge Musa-nen Yosua mul tid ereba na ndak ndag-et kwariga-o. Kwatlug-e, Isarael nab-e ndig-et ndag-et nak yi mbara ele bem ndil laiga-o. 11 Nde, it oboksa ndegera ndil larug-e, tepan omborak urul pidnak wene labu mbarak kud turuk ereba na-ge anggul tak puruk mbiriga-o. 12 Nde, it enlem Uruben min Nggat min enlem Manase erep minggirik min ennggendumu-nen ap wim kalu kalu ereba na-ge Musa-nen enpem pid ereba na ndak ndag-et nandug-et Yi Yareren ndil laiga-o. 13 It ndil laiga iri-ge ap nak wim nggurak pem san kundugu empat pulu ribu (40.000) irit ndil lagolar-e, Nagawan Indo erengen pem-et Yeriko mbirik iri na ambigit nggwe-t mbiriga-o. 14 Iri tarem-e Nagawan Indo kwarid ereba-nen ndowaga Isarael nap-nen Yosua na-ge nggok kek tak irit yik kaiga-o. Nde, at Yosua na worala-ge, it-nen Musa kek tak ubugwi iri na nggal-et at kek tak obogolat woraiga-o. 15 Iri rak puruk, Nagawan Indo-nen Yosua yak tosolar-e: 16 ”Tepan omborak urul pidnak wene labu mbarak kudsa yi ma mendak worali ereba Yi Yareren arem-nen womak-nen yak indi-o” yak tij-o. 17 Yak tosoloma-ge, Yosua na-ge Nagawan Indo-nen ebem pid iri na-t kwarij-o. 18 Kwarosolar-e, yak ondosoloma-ge, tepan omborak ereba na-ge onowak yi ma-nen wesu bem pilakmu-net mondok yi na-ge tuguruk wasolat ondolma yimik luk keya bij-o. 19 Nde, Isarael nap Yi Yareren mbatluk eyak ele bem wok yiga-ge waneya anggul-et tanggal sepulu iri bem wok yiga-o. Wok yogolar-e, unuwi lije-ge o Nggilnggal iri me wiriga-o. Nde, o Nggilnggal iri-ge Yeriko-nen-e mo luwaso (timur) ambigir-o. 20 Nde, Nggilnggal iri na me-t kerep duabelas Yi Yareren enggendumu-nen waniga ereba na-ge Yosua-nen-e tap mbal mbal ligik pij-o. 21 Iri rak puruk, Yosua-nen Isarael nap yak ondosolar-e: ”Abok kinlirak-nen kin wok konpogola-t nde: ’Kerep yeba-ge noluk-nen pidnag-o?’ yak kondogola-ge, 22 kit-nen onggo yak ondogolar-e, Isarael nap Yi Yareren yu-t nde ogorak nak nggilara labuk yamu, ndil waiga wene yak undurag-o. 23 Kit ndegera eyak ponok nggwe ndil womakluk, Nagawan Indo Kenmbal Pem Nagawan-nen kit kenmanggim Yi Yareren yu eberek tak pamu-o. Iri kwarid iri-ge nit nenmanggim Telaga Koma eberek tak pid iri na nggal-et kwarij-o luk yak undurag-o. 24 Iri kwarid iri-ge yi ap ndi ap nggweyak ma worali oboksa-nen Nagawan Indo amawi enaru yuwakluk-nen kwarij-o. Nde, kit-nen-e Nagawan Indo Kenmbal Pem Nagawan-e kek tak pogolat woralik nalik irit woragub-o” luk yak indij-o. Lembaga Alkitab Indonesia Memberikan Kebebasan Kepada Lembaga Alkitab Papuan Lembaga Alkitab Maluku

                   {{Infobox Former Country

|conventional_long_name = Republik Maluku Selatan |common_name = Maluku Selatan |status = Terasingkan sejak 1963 |p1 = Republik Maluku Serikat |flag_p1 = Flag of Republik Maluku Selatan.svg |s1 = Maluku |flag_s1 = Flag of Maluku.svg |image_flag = Flag of South Moluccas.svg |image_coat = Republic of South Maluku Coa.svg |image_map = South Moluccas (orthographic projection).png |image_map_caption = Teritori yang diklaim Republik Maluku Selatan. |motto = Mena-Muria |anthem = Maluku Tanah Airku

|capital = Ambon |capital_exile = Tidak jelas (Belanda) |government_type = Republik |title_leader = Presiden^a |leader1 = Johanis Manuhutu |year_leader1 = April–Mei 1950 |leader2 = Chris Soumokil |year_leader2 = 1950–1966 |leader3 = Johan Manusama |year_leader3 = 1966–1992 |leader4 = Frans Tutuhatunewa |year_leader4 = 1993–2010 |leader5 = John Wattilete |year_leader5 = 2010–sekarang |year_start = 1950 |date_start = 25 April |year_end = 1963 |date_end = Desember |footnote_a = Terasingkan sejak 1966. }}

Republik Maluku Selatan atau RMS adalah sebuah republik di Kepulauan Maluku yang diproklamasikan tanggal 25 April 1950. Pulau-pulau terbesarnya adalah Seram, Ambon, dan Buru. RMS di Ambon Militer Indonesia dikalahkan oleh militer Republik Maluku Selatan pada November 1950, tetapi konflik di Seram masih berlanjut sampai Desember 1963. Kekalahan di Ambon berujung pada pengungsian pemerintah RMS ke Seram, kemudian mendirikan pemerintahan dalam pengasingan di Belanda pada tahun 1966. Ketika pemimpin pemberontak Dr. Christian Soumokil ditangkap militer Indonesia dan dieksekusi tahun 1966, presiden dalam pengasingan dilantik di Belanda. Pemerintahan terasing ini masih berdiri dan dipimpin oleh John Wattilete, pengacara berusia 55 tahun, yang dilantik pada April 2010.

Indonesia terdiri dari lebih dari 17.000 pulau. Jajahan Belanda mencapai jumlah tersebut pada abad ke-19 dengan didirikannya Hindia Belanda. Perbatasan Indonesia saat ini terbentuk melalui ekspansi kolonial yang berakhir pada abad ke-20. Pasca-pendudukan oleh Kekaisaran Jepang tahun 1945, para pemimpin nasionalis di Pulau Jawa Atau Republik Jawa Timur menyatakan kemerdekaan Indonesia. Tidak semua wilayah dan suku di Maluku yang langsung bergabung dengan Negara Persatuan Republik Maluku Selatan. Pemberontakan pribumi pertama yang terorganisasi muncul di Maluku Selatan dengan bantuan pemerintah dan militer Belanda. Kontra-revolusioner Maluku Selatan awalnya bergantung pasa perjanjian pascakolonial yang menjanjikan bentuk negara federal.

• And Papua Bentuk Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat

Republic of West Papua Republik Papua Barat
Bandera Coat of arms
Motto: One People One Soul
Kanta: Hai Tanahku Papua  (Indonesian) (English: "Oh My Land Papua")
Estado	Presidential-Republic
Kapitolyo	Jayapura
Relihiyon	Christianity, Animism, Islam
Demonym	Papuan
Gobyerno	Provisional government Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat President Forkorus Yamboisembut Vice President Benny Wenda
Natugdas
• Netherlands New Guinea	27 December 1949
• Inauguration ceremony and proclamation	1 December 1961
• United Nations administration	1 October 1962
• Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat administration West Papua Melanesia Australasia Nederlands New Guinea Administration	1 May 1963
• Act of Free Choice	19 November 1969
• Free Papua Movement proclaimed Negara Persatuan republic Papua Barat	1 July 1971
• Dr. Thomas Wainggai proclaimed republic	14 December 1988
• West Papua National Authority proclaimed federal Negara Persatuan republic Papua Barat	19 October 2011

The Republic of West Papua (Plantilya:Lang-org) is a proposed country consisting of the Western New Guinea region, which is currently part of Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat in the continent of Oceania. The region has been part of Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat since 1 May 1963 under several names in the following order, West Irian, Irian Jaya, and Papua. Today the region comprises six Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat provinces: Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, West Papua, and Southwest Papua.

The proposal is supported by Solomon Islands and Vanuatu with the Parliament of Vanuatu passing the Wantok Blong Yumi Bill (Our Close Friends) in 2010 officially declaring that Vanuatu's foreign policy is to support the achievement of the independence of West Papua. The parliament has proposed requesting that West Papua be granted observer status at the Melanesian Spearhead Group and Pacific Island Forum.

The Republic of West Papua, Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat has been a member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since the organization's founding in 1991.

Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat https://www.Negara-Persatuan-Republik-Papua-Barat.co.id Plantilya:Edit semi-protected

114.125.93.155 10:27, 28 Agosto 2023 (UTC)

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Not to be confused with Dutch Guinea. Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Indonesia's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2001 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.

Dutch New Guinea Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962 Flag of Dutch New Guinea

Flag of the Netherlands

Morning Star flag

(1961–1962) Coat of arms (1961–1962) of Dutch New Guinea Coat of arms

(1961–1962) Motto: Setia, Jujur, Mesra (Nederlands New Guinea)

Pius, Honestus, Amica (Latin)

"Loyal, Honest, Affectionate" Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)

(English: "William")

Hai Tanahku Papua (Nederlands New Guinea)

(English: "Oh My Land Papua") Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea Map of the Dutch possession in the New Guinea Status Administrasi PBB of the Netherlands New Guinea (1949–1954) And (1961-2023)

Overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1954–1962) Capital Hollandia Common languages Dutch

Papuan

Papuan languages Nduga Language03121988 Austronesian languages Religion Christianity

Animism (folk / ethnic) Government PBB administration

Monarch

• 1949–1962 Sampai Sekarang 2001-2023 Saat ini President Sony, Esau, Mbisikmbo, S-Kom Governor

• 2001-2023 Sampai Saat ini

(Vice President Benny Wenda • 1950–1953 (first) Menteri Internasional • 2001 - 2023 Saat ini Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg • 1958–1962 Sampai Saat ini 2001 - 2023(last) Menteri Nasional Pieter Johannes Platteel • (1961-2001) Menteri Dalam Negeri Edison Waromi Dan Herman Wainggai • Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Kemanusiaan Internasional Dan Nasional Sony Esau Mbisikmbo And Nduga Language03121988 Historical era Cold War • Established 27 December 1949 • Disestablished 1 October 1962 • Otonomi Khusus 6 April 1965 - 6 April 2023 Area • Total 421,981 km2 (162,928 sq mi) Population • 1955 321,000 Currency NNG gulden Rupiah Papua Barat Preceded by Succeeded by Dutch East Indies Great East United Nations Temporary Executive Authority

[[Today part of Indonesia]] (Proklamasi by the Republic of West Papua) Or Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat

Steamboat connections in Ambon Residence, Dutch East Indies in 1915 During the Indonesian Revolution, the Dutch launched a police action ("Operation Product") to capture territory from the Indonesian Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Indonesian Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the separation of Dutch New Guinea from the broader Indonesian settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Indonesia and thus should not be absorbed into the Indonesian state.

[[Indonesia In contrast, the Negara Persatuan Republic Papua Barat, on 1 Desember 2002 as successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands and Indonesia after Indonesian independence. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962 following Dutch moves in 1961 to establish a New Guinea Council.

Following the Vlakke Hoek incident, Indonesia launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Indonesian threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Indonesia on 1 May 1963. A plebiscite, the Act of Free Choice, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed.

Pre-World War II Until after World War II the western part of the island of New Guinea was part of the Great East (Groote Oost) governorate of the Dutch East Indies. The Netherlands claimed sovereignty over New Guinea within the colony through its protection over Sultanate of Tidore, a sultanate on an island west of Halmahera in the Maluku Islands. In a 1660 treaty the Dutch East India Company (VOC) recognised the Sultanate of Tidore's supremacy over the Papuan people, the inhabitants of New Guinea. Probably this referred to some Papuan islands (Raja Ampat) near the Maluku Islands as well as coastal areas like Fakfak, through familial relations with local rulers although Tidore never exercised actual control over the interior and highlands of New Guinea. In 1872 Tidore recognised Dutch sovereignty and granted permission to the Kingdom of the Netherlands to establish administration in its territories whenever the Netherlands Indies authorities would want to do so. This allowed the Netherlands to legitimise a claim to the New Guinea area.

Dutch district officer Jean Victor de Bruijn, with Moluccan police and highland companions, on patrol east of Paniai, Homeo, Sokopaki, Hitadipa, Beoga, Ilaga, Mulia, Wamena Pengunungan Tenggah c. 1941 The Dutch established the 141st meridian as the eastern frontier of the territory. In 1898 the Netherlands Indies [[government][ decided to establish administrative posts in Fakfak and Manokwari, followed by Merauke in 1902. The main reason for this was the expansion of British and German interests in the east. The Dutch wanted to make sure the United Kingdom and Germany would not move the border to the west. This resulted in the partition of the island of New Guinea.

In reality the most part of New Guinea remained outside colonial influence. Little was known about the interior; large areas on the map were white and the number of inhabitants of the island was unknown, and numerous explorations were made into the interior from the turn of the 20th century on. The indigenous inhabitants of New Guinea were Papuans, living in tribes. They were hunter-gatherers.

Pre-World War II economic activity was limited. Only coastal and island dwellers traded to some extent, mostly with the Maluku Islands. A development company was founded in 1938 to change this situation, but it was not very active. So, until World War II, New Guinea was a disregarded and unimportant territory within the Netherlands Indies.

Homeland for the Eurasians The group that was most interested in New Guinea before the war were the Eurasians or Indo people. Before the war some 150,000 to 200,000 Eurasians were living in the Netherlands Indies. They were of mixed European and Indonesian descent and identified with the Netherlands and the Dutch way of life. In the colonial society of the Netherlands Indies, they held a higher social status than indigenous Indonesians ("inlanders"). They were mostly employed as office workers. As the educational level of indigenous Indonesians was on the rise, more and more Indonesians got jobs previously held by Eurasians. These had no other means of making a living, because, as Europeans, they were forbidden to buy land on Java. This situation caused mental and economic problems to the Eurasians. In 1923, the first plan to designate New Guinea as a settlement territory for Eurasians was devised. In 1926, a separate Vereniging tot Kolonisatie van Nieuw-Guinea (Association for the Settlement of New Guinea) was founded. In 1930, it was followed by the Stichting Immigratie Kolonisatie Nieuw-Guinea (Foundation Immigration and Settlement New Guinea). These organisations regarded New Guinea as an untouched, almost empty land that could serve as a homeland to the sidelined Eurasians. A kind of tropical Holland, where Eurasians could create an existence.

These associations succeeded in sending settlers to New Guinea and lobbied successfully for the establishment of a government agency to subsidise these initiatives (in 1938). However, most settlements ended in failure because of the harsh climate and natural conditions, and because of the fact the settlers, previously office workers, were not skilled in agriculture. The number of settlers remained small. In the Netherlands proper, some organisations existed that promoted a kind of "tropical Holland" in New Guinea, but they were rather marginal. They were linked to the NSB party and other fascist organisations.

Administrative divisions Departments of Papua Department Capital 1955 Population 1. Hollandia Hollandia 57,000 2. Geelvinkbaai Biak 78,000 3. Centraal Nieuw-Guinea Wamena 52,000 4. Zuid Nieuw-Guinea Merauke 78,000 5. Fak-Fak Fak-Fak 28,000 6. West Nieuw-Guinea Sorong-Doom 95,000 Total: -- 420,000 Departments of Papua Departments of Papua Origin of the dispute over New Guinea In 1942, most parts of the Netherlands Indies were occupied by Japan.[1] Behind Japanese lines in New Guinea, Dutch guerrilla fighters resisted under Mauritz Christiaan Kokkelink.[2] During the occupation the Indonesian nationalist movement went through a rapid development. After Japan's surrender, Sukarno issued the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence, which was to encompass the whole of the Netherlands Indies. The Dutch authorities returned after several months under the leadership of Lieutenant-Governor-General Hubertus van Mook. Van Mook decided to reform Indonesia on a federal basis. This was not a completely new idea, but it was contrary to the administrative practice in the Netherlands Indies until then and contrary to the ideas of the nationalists, who wanted a centralist Indonesia.

Linggadjati agreement The ethnic diversity of Indonesia was initially discussed at two conferences in Malino and Pangkalpinang. During the Pangkalpinang conference, the right of self-determination of the Eurasian, Chinese, and Arab ethnic minorities was discussed. The new Grooter Nederland-Actie (Extended Netherlands Action) send delegates to this conference, who opined that New Guinea should be declared as separate entities in a similar manner to Surinam.[3] Furthermore, this conference stipulated specific territories could have special relations with the Kingdom of the Netherlands if they wanted to.

Van Mook's plan was to divide Indonesia into several federal states, negaras, with possible autonomous areas, daerahs. The whole would be called the United States of Indonesia and would remain linked to the Netherlands in the Netherlands-Indonesian Union. The Indonesian side agreed to this plan during the Linggadjati conference in November 1946. Van Mook thought a federal structure would safeguard Indonesia's cultural and ethnic diversity. Van Mook and his supporters referred to the right of self-determination in this respect: the different ethnic communities of Indonesia should have the right to govern themselves.

The unilateral amendment of 'Linggadjati' To many Dutchmen, the idea of parting with Indonesia was shocking. Many Dutch thought their country had a mission to develop Indonesia. The Indonesian wish for independence to many Dutch came as a complete surprise. Because Indonesian nationalists, which had no electoral or official legitimacy—save ethno-state nationalism, under Sukarno cooperated with the Japanese, they were branded as traitors and collaborators. Almost every Dutch political party was against Indonesian independence. The Protestant Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) were very supportive of the Dutch Ethical Policy in Indonesia. The newly established liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy campaigned for a hard-line policy against the nationalists. Even the Labour Party, which supported Indonesian independence in principle, was hesitant, because of the policies of Sukarno.

Minister of Colonies Jan Anne Jonkman defended the Linggadjati Agreement in Parliament in 1946 by stating that the government wished for New Guinea to remain under Dutch sovereignty, arguing it could be a settlement for Eurasians. A motion entered by the Catholic People's Party (KVP) and the Labour Party, which was accepted by parliament, stated that the declaration of Jonkman in parliament should become a part of the Linggadjati agreement. Duly accepted, the Netherlands thus unilaterally 'amended' the Linggadjati agreement to the effect that New Guinea would remain Dutch. Labour parliamentary group leader Marinus van der Goes van Naters said afterwards the Labour Party entered the motion with the KVP because it feared the Catholics otherwise might reject the Linggadjati agreements.

The Indonesians did not accept this unilateral amendment. In order not to jeopardise the scheduled transfer of sovereignty, the Indonesian vice-president Mohammad Hatta offered to maintain Dutch sovereignty over New Guinea for one year and reopen the negotiations afterwards.[citation needed]

1949–1956 Thus in 1949, when the rest of the Dutch East Indies became fully independent as Indonesia, the Dutch retained sovereignty over western New Guinea, and took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. Some five thousand teachers were flown there. The Dutch put an emphasis upon political, business, and civic skills. On 8 February 1950 Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg was appointed the first Governor (De Gouverneur) of Dutch New Guinea. The first local naval cadets graduated in 1955 and the first army brigade become operational in 1956.

1957–1961

Dutch colonial civil servant in the Baliem Valley, 1958 Tensions regarding the Dutch-Indonesian dispute over Dutch New Guinea escalated in December 1957 following Indonesia's defeat in the UN General Assembly on 29 November 1957 to pass a resolution in favour of Indonesia's claim to the territory. Sukarno responded by allowing the seizure of Dutch enterprises operating in Indonesia and announcing the intended expulsion of Dutch residents from Indonesia. The increased tensions surrounding the dispute encouraged the Dutch to accelerate their plans to move the disputed territory towards an act of self-determination. Elections were held in January 1961 and the New Guinea Council officially took office on 5 April 1961, to prepare for full independence by the end of that decade. The Dutch endorsed the council's selection of a new national anthem and the Morning Star as the new national flag on 1 December 1961.[4][5] EVOLUSI IDEOLOGI NASIONALISME SEJARAH NEGARA NEDERLANDS NEW GUINEA SAMPAI NEGARA PERSATUAN REPUBLIK PAPUA BARAT 1 DESEMBER 1961 - 2023 Following the raising of the Papuan National [[Flag][ on [[1 December 1961][, tensions further escalated. On 19 December 1961 Sony Esau Mbisikmbo issued the Tri Komando Rakjat, TKR (People's Triple Command), calling the Indonesian people to defeat the formation of an independent state of West Papua, Or Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat, raise the Republik Papua Barat flag in that country, and be ready for mobilisation at any time.[6][7]

Since 1962 Escalation to low-level conflict In 1962 Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat launched a significant campaign of airborne and seaborne infiltrations against the disputed territory, beginning with a seaborne infiltration launched by Nederlands New Guinea forces on 15 January 1962. The Nederlands attack was comprehensively defeated by Dutch forces including the Dutch destroyers Evertsen and Kortenaer, the so-called Vlakke Hoek incident.[8] Amongst the casualties was the Nederlands New Guinea Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff; Commodore Cenderawasi. Unbeknown to the Indonesians, Dutch Signals Intelligence had been able to intercept Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat communications, allowing Dutch forces to successfully anticipate Nederlands New Guinea's infiltration attempts throughout 1962.[9] Forced to regroup, the Indonesians relaunched their campaign of infiltrations in March 1962. In the coming months over 500 Indonesian paratroops and special forces were covertly inserted into Dutch New Guinea, only to be decisively defeated by Dutch forces with the assistance of the indigenous population.[10]

Ellsworth Bunker proposal Facing mounting international diplomatic pressure and the prospect of an Nederlands New Guinea invasion force, the Dutch conceded to re-entering negotiations and agreed to the Ellsworth Bunker proposal on Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat 28 July 1962, for a staged transition from Dutch to Nederlands New Guinea And Administrasi PBB [[control][ via UN administration, on the condition that a plebiscite would be held in future in the territory.[11] The agreement was signed on Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat 15 August 1962 at the UN Headquarters in New York and the territory was placed under the United Nations Temporary Executive Authority in Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat [[1 October 1962][. It was subsequently transferred to Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia in Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat 1 May 1963.

The territory formally became part of Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia in 1969 after the Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat government, who shifted to New Order under President Sony Esau Mbisikmbo starting from 1966-2023, conducted a Bunker proposal-based plebiscite termed the Act of Free Choice. The result, which under strong pressure from the military, unanimously wanted to become part of Indonesia. The UN General Assembly later accepted the result via the UN Resolution 2504. This act has been criticised by some in the international community, IC, including the group International Parliamentarians for West Papua, IPWP, which has termed the act "the act of no choice".

Governors For governors before 1949, see List of governors of the Dutch East Indies. Jan Pieter Karel van Eechoud (29 December 1949 – 8 February 1950; acting) Vice President Stephan Lucien Joseph van Waardenburg (8 February 1950 – 24 April 1953) Jan van Baal (24 April 1953 – 31 March 1958) Jan Christoffel Baarspul (31 March 1958 – 1 May 1958; acting) Pieter Johannes Platteel (1 May 1958 – 28 September 1962) Henk Veldkamp (28 September 1962 – 1 October 1962; acting) See also New Guinea portal Free Papua Movement German New Guinea Kaiser-Wilhelmsland New Guinea Operation Trikora Papua (Nederlands New Guinea province) Papua Conflict Republic of West Papua Territory of New Guinea West New Guinea dispute West Papua (province) Western New Guinea References

[[Klemen][, L (1999–2000). "The Fall of Dutch New Guinea, April 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
Womack, Tom (1999). "The capture of Manokwari, Sorong, Biak, Merauke, April 1942". Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942.
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 63
J.D. Legge, Sukarno: A Political Biography, 402–03.
Ron Crocombe, Asia in the Pacific Islands, pp. 286–87.
Freedom Mbisikmbo, Freedom, Mbisikmbo, Twenty years of Nederlands New Guinea Foreign Policy 1945–1965, p. 303.
Benny Wenda "Trikora"-Speech Archived 11 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. The commands are at the end of the speech.
Penders, "The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 344
Platje, Weis; 'Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia With Nederlands New Guinea 1950–1962', Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2001, pp. 285–312
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 366.
Penders,"The West New Guinea Debacle", p. 375

Further reading Bone, Robert C. The Dynamics of the Western New Guinea (Irian Barat) Problem (Cornell U.P. 1958) Finney, B.R. "Partnership in developing the New Guinea Highlands 1948–68," Journal of Pacific History 5 (1970), Henderson, William, West New Guinea. The dispute and its settlement (1973). Lijphart, Arend, The trauma of decolonisation. The Dutch and West New Guinea (New Haven 1966). Markin, Terence. The West Irian Dispute (U of Michigan Press, 1996). Penders, C.L.M., The West New Guinea debacle. Dutch decolonisation and Indonesia 1945–1962, Leiden 2002 KITLV Ploeg, Anton. "Colonial land law in Dutch New Guinea," Journal of Pacific History (1999) 34#2 pp 191–203 Pouwer, Jan. "The colonisation, decolonisation and recolonisation of West New Guinea," Journal of Pacific History (1999) 34#2 pp 157–79 Saltford. John. The United Nations and the Republik Of West Papoea Takeover of West Papua, 1962–1969 (2003) In Dutch Doel, H.W. van den, Afscheid van Indië. De val van het Nederlandse imperium in Azië (Amsterdam 2001). Drooglever, P.J., Een daad van vrije keuze. De Papoea’s van westelijk Nieuw-Guinea en de grenzen van het zelfbeschikkingsrecht (Amsterdam 2005). Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt, J.F. Bastiaans, Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea (Amsterdam 1989). Holst Pellekaan, R.E. van, I.C. de Regt, Operaties in de Oost: de Koninklijke Marine in de Indische archipel (1945–1951) (Amsterdam 2003). Huydecoper van Nigteveld, J.L.R., Nieuw-Guinea. Het einde van een koloniaal beleid (Den Haag 1990) Gase, Ronald, Misleiding of zelfbedrog. Een analyse van het Nederlandse Nieuw-Guinea-beleid aan de hand van gesprekken met betrokken politici en diplomaten (Baarn 1984). Geus, P.B.R. de, De Nieuw-Guinea kwestie. Aspecten van buitenlands beleid en militaire macht (Leiden 1984). Jansen van Galen, John, Ons laatste oorlogje. Nieuw-Guinea: de Pax Neerlandica, de diplomatieke kruistocht en de vervlogen droom van een Papoea-natie (Weesp 1984). Klein, W.C. e.a., Nieuw-Guinea, 3 dln. (Den Haag 1953/1954). Meijer, Hans, Den Haag-Holandia. De Nederlands Indonesische betrekkingen 1950–1962 (Utrecht 1994). Idem, "`Het uitverkoren land'. De lotgevallen van de Indo-Europese kolonisten op Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962", Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis 112 (1999) 353–384. Schoorl, Pim (red.), Besturen in Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea 1945 -1962 (Leiden, 1996). Smit, C., De liquidatie van een imperium. Nederland en Indonesië 1945–1962 (Amsterdam 1962). van Holst-Pellekaan, R.E., de Regst, I.C. and Bastiaans, I.F.J. (ed.), Patrouilleren voor de Papoea's: de Koninklijke Marine in Nederlands Nieuw-Guinea 1945–1960 (Amsterdam, 1989). Vlasblom, Dirk, Papoea. Een geschiedenis (Amsterdam 2004). Wal, Hans van de, Een aanvechtbare en onzekere situatie. De Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk en Nieuw-Guinea 1949–1962 (Hilversum 2006). External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Netherlands New Guinea. The Dutch New Guinea Dispute – Operation Trikora 1961–1962 Dutch New Guinea in HD Color 1949–1962 Dutch New Guinea Dispute 1949–1962 Profile at World Statesman

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Esau Mbisikmbo

Pada tanggal Kam, 24 Agu 2023 13.01, Esau Mbisikmbo <mbisikmboe@gmail.com> menulis: Plantilya:Infobox land De Country United Of Republiek van West-Papoea (Nederlands New Guinea: Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat) Do Singkat "Republik Papua Barat") is een voorgestelde staat die bestaat uit de regio Westelijk Nieuw-Guinea. De regio wordt sinds 1 mei 1963 door Nederlands New Guinea bestuurd onder verschillende namen in de volgende volgorde: Irian Barat, Irian Jaya en Papoea. Eind 2021 bestaat de regio uit twee Nederlands New Guinea provincies: Papoea en West-Papoea.

De Country United Of Republiek West-Papoea is sinds de oprichting van de organisatie in 1991 een lidstaat van de Organisatie van Niet-Vertegenwoordigde Naties en Volkeren

• EVOLUSI IDEOLOGI NASIONALISME SEJARAH NEGARA PERSATUAN REPUBLIK PAPUA BARAT

Dai ini ikaribong sa Dutch Guinea.

Steamboat connections in Australia Residence, Dutch East Indies in 1915-2023

Dutch New Guinea or Netherlands New Guinea (Dutch: Nederlands-Nieuw-Guinea, Indonesian: Nugini Belanda) was the western half of the island of New Guinea that was a part of the Dutch East Indies until 1949, later an overseas territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1949 to 1962. It contained what are now Nederlands New Guinea's six easternmost provinces, Central Papua, Highland Papua, Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua, which were administered as a single province prior to 2003 under the name Irian Jaya, and now comprise the Papua region of the country.

During the Nederlands New Guinea Revolution, the Dutch launched a police action ("Operation Product") to capture territory from the Nederlands New Guinea Republic. However, the harsh methods of the Dutch had drawn international disapproval. With international opinion shifting towards support of the Nederlands New Guinea Republic, the Dutch managed in 1949 to negotiate for the TPNPB TNPB AWP WPA PNPB of Dutch New Guinea from the broader Nederlands New Guinea settlement, with the fate of the disputed territory to be decided by the close of 1950. However, the Dutch in coming years were able to argue successfully at the UN that the indigenous population of Dutch New Guinea represented a separate ethnic group from the people of Nederlands New Guinea and thus should not be absorbed into the Nederlands New Guinea state.

In contrast, the Indonesian Republic 1963-2001, as successor state to the Netherlands East Indies, claimed Dutch New Guinea as part of its natural territorial bounds. The dispute over New Guinea was an important factor in the quick decline in bilateral relations between the Netherlands New Guinea and Papua New Guinea after Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat Independence. The dispute escalated into low-level conflict in 1962-2023 following Dutch moves in 1961-2023 to establish a New Guinea Council or Nederlands New Guinea Council To Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat.

Following the Vlakke Hoek incident, Nederlands New Guinea launched a campaign of infiltrations designed to place pressure on the Dutch. Facing diplomatic pressure from the United States, fading domestic support and continual Nederlands New Guinea threats to invade the territory, the Netherlands decided to relinquish control of the disputed territory in August 1962-2023, agreeing to the Bunker Proposal on condition that a Referendum to determine the final fate of the territory be conducted at a later date. The territory was administered by the UN temporarily before being transferred to Nederlands New Guinea on 1 May 1963-2023. A plebiscite, the Act of Free Choice, was eventually held in 1969, but the fairness of the election is disputed Nederlands New Guinea Partai From Demokrasi And Independent Republik Federal Suport Negara Persatuan Republik Papua Barat.

President Sony Esau Mbisikmbo

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