Kenzaburō Ōe

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Kenzaburō Ōe
Ōe in 2012
Katutubong ngaran大江 健三郎
Minundagan(1935-01-31)31 Enero 1935
Ōse, Ehime, Japan
Kagadanan3 Marso 2023(2023-03-03) (edad 88)
Kasibotan
  • Novelist
  • short-story writer
  • essayist
Alma materUniversity of Tokyo
Panahon1957–2013
Bantog na gibo
Mga bantog na gawadNobel Prize in Literature
1994
Mga akì3, including Hikari
Sadiring-tawo

Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎, Ōe Kenzaburō, Enero 31, 1935 – Marso 3, 2023)) sarong Hapon na parasurat asin mayor na pigura sa kontemporaryong literaturang Hapones. saiyang mga nobela, halipot na osipon asin komposisyon, makusog an impluensya kan literaturang Pranses asin Amerikano saka literaryong teoriya, manunungod sa politikal, sosyal asin pilosopikong isyu, kabali na diyan an nuklear na mga armas, poder nuklear, social non-conformism, asin restitutencialismo. gdi nag-akò nin 1994 Nobel Prize sa Literatura para sa pagmukna kan "sarong kinaban na imahinasyon, kun sain an buhay asin osipon minabilog nin sarong nakakaribong na ladawan kan masakit isipon ngunyan nin tawo".

Ōe sa Japanisches Kulturinstitut sa Cologne kan 11 Abril 2008

Inot kan buhay asin edukasyon[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Ōe pinangake sa Ōse (大瀬村, Ōse-mura), sarong baryo na ngunyan nasa Prepekturang Uchiko, Ehime, sa Shikoku.[1] ikatulo sa pitong aki, siya nagdakula na nagdadangog sa saiyang lola, sarong parasaysay nin mga osipon asin istorya kan kasaysayan.[1][2] saiyang ama, si Kōtare Ōe, may negosyong pangkarigos; an ubak nagagamit sa paggibo nin kwarta kan papel.[1] [2] magadan an saiyang ama sa Pacific War kan 1944, an ina niya, si Koseki, nagin parehas na puwersa sa likod kan edukasyon kaini, pagbakal nin mga libro kabali na diyan an The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn asin The Wonderful Adventures of Nils na nagkaigwang impluwensya saiya.

karesibi si Ōe kan inot na sampulong taon kan saiyang edukasyon sa mga pampublikong paadalan sa lugar mi.[3] puon siya nin pag-eskwela kan pinakahalangkaw na bilang militarismo sa Japan; sa klase, pinupuwersa siyang ipahayag an saiyang kaimbudan ki Emperador Hirohito, na pigsasabing sarong diyos kan mga maestro niya.[4] kan guerra, narealisar nia na sia tinokdoan nin mga kaputikan asin nakamateng trinaydor. sentidong ini nin pagtraydor kan huri nagluwas sa saiyang pagsurat.

Ōe nagklase sa hayskul sa Matsuyama puon 1951 sagkod 1953, kun sain siya nagin estudyante.[5] edad [6] 18, siya an inot niyang pagbiyahe pasiring sa Tokyo, kun sain nag-adal ini nin sarong prep school (yobikō) para sa laog nin sarong taon.[5] sumunod na taon, nagpuon siyang mag-adal nin Literaturang Pranses sa Unibersidad nin Tokyo kaiba si Propesor Kazuo Watanabe, sarong espesyalista sa François Rabelais.

Karera[baguhon | baguhon an source]

puon na magpublikar nin mga istorya kan 1957, mantang saro pa man giraray na estudyante, makusog an impluwensiya sa sarong kontemporaryong pagsurat sa Pransia asin Estados Unidos.[7] saiyang inot [8] gibo tanganing maipublikar iyo an "Lavish are the Dead", sarong halipot na istorya na ipigtugdas sa Tokyo kan panahon kan pananakop kan mga Amerikano, na nagluwas sa magasing Bungakukai.[1] saiyang mga inot na gibo ipigbugtak sa sadiri niyang unibersidad milieu.

Kan 1958, iginawad sa prehiiku an halipot niyang istorya na "Sihiku" an prestihiyosong Premyo Akurawa.[9] ga sarong itom na GI an piglaag kan mga Hapon, asin sa huri ginibo ining pelikula, The Catch by Nagisa Oshima kan 1961.[10] saro pang amay [10] nobela, pigsalin cuan huri bilang Nip the Buds, Shoot an Kids, nakasentro sa kaakian na nag-eerok sa mga pagbabagong Ōe's mismo rural Shikoku. [11] Ipinamidbid nin sarong aki an mga numerong ini bilang kabilang sa pangenot na kabtang kan dios ni Jung asin Kerényi, na midbid paagi sa pagbaya, pag - hipagismo, pagigin dai mabibindikar, asin pakikiasosyar sa kapinonan saka katapusan.[1] an inot na duwang karakteristiko sa mga nainot na istoryang ini, mantang an ikaduwang kabtang kaiyan naglataw sa 'idiot na aking lalaki ' na nagluwas pagkamundag kan saiyang aki na si Hikari.

pag - oltanan nin 1958 asin 1961 Ōe nagpublikar nin serye nin mga gibo na nagbubugtak nin seksuwal na metaphors para sa pananakop kan Hapon. nia an komun na tema kan mga estoryang ini bilang "an relasyon nin sarong dayo bilang dakulang kapangyarihan [Z], sarong Hapones na mas o menos ibinugtak sa makasosopog na posisyon [X], asin, kadilaan sa pag - oltanan kan duwa, ikatolong parti [Y] (sa panahon na may patotot na parantay sana sa ibang nasyon o interprete). ".[12] kada saro kaining mga gibo, an Hapones X inaktibo, dai nakakagibo nin inisyatiba tanganing maresolberan an situwasyon asin daing ipinaheheling na sikolohiko o espirituwal na pagtalubo.[13]:: 32  An malinaw na seksuwalidad kan grupong ini nin mga estorya nagin dahelan nin kritikal na pagtangis; Ōe nagsabi manongod sa kulminasyon kan seryeng Our Times, "Ako personalmente arog kaining nobelang [huli ta] dai ko hinohona na ako masurat pa nin saro pang nobela na pano sana nin sekswal na tataramon."

1961, ipinublikar an nobela ni Ōe's na Sevenen asin The Death of a Political Youth sa magasin na literaryo kan Hapon na Bungakukai. sindang pinasabngan nin pito hanggan taon na Yamaguchi Otoya, na nag-asasinar sa Russian Socialist Party na si Inejirō Asanum kan Oktubre 1960, dangan nagadan siya sa preso pakalihis nin tulong semana.[14] Yamaguchi may mga paghanga sa sobra ka tamang pakpak na naanggot kan The Death of a Political Youth sagkod Ōe asin magasin nag - ako nin panggagadan aldaw asin banggi para sa semana. [15], naghagad nin dispensa an magasin sa mga parabasa na nakolgan an buot. Pero dai iyan ginibo kan lalaking taga Tokyo.[1] Dangan pinugulan siya kaini nin anggot na babayi mantang nagpapahayag man ini sa Unibersidad nin Tokyo.

sunod na kabtang ni Ōe huminale sa seksuwal na laog, na iinapon an panahon na ini pasiring sa madahas na mga gilid nin sosyedad. mga isinurat na ipinublikar niya sa pag - oltanan nin 1961 asin 1964 impluwensiado kan pisentialism saka literaturang pantusok, na pano nin mas dakul o dikit na kriminal na rogues asin anti-hero na an posisyon dapit sa iriwal nin sosyedad nagpapangyari sainda na magtao nin direktang kritisismo kaiyan.[16]:: 47  Ōe inako na an Huckleberry Finn iyo an saiyang paboritong libro puwedeng sabihon na may konteksto sa panahon na ini.

Inpluwensiya nin Hikari[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Ladawan:The Healing Family Kenzaburo Oe.jpg
pigpalis kan 1996 na bersyon sa Ingles ni Kenzaburō Ōe's na libro manungod sa saiyang kinapit na aki asin an saindang buhay bilang sarong pamilya.

Ōe's ipigtao an saiyang aking si Hikari sa pag-pluwensya kan saiyang karera literaryo. Ōe bistadong tawan nin "voice" an saiyang aki sa paagi kan pagsurat niya. sa mga libro ni Ōe nagtatampok nin sarong karakter base sa saiyang aki.

libro kan Ōe 1964, A Personal Matter, ipigladawan kan parasurat an siklohikal na terma kabali sa pag-ako kan saiyang aking babaye.[17] mga pigurang Hikari prominente sa dakul na libro nag'ayaw nin omaw kan komite Nobel, asin an saiyang buhay iyo an pinaka-enot na librong napublikar pakatogdas kan Premyo Nobel. 1996 na libro, Ang Pagbolongg Pamilya, sarong memoirng nakasurat bilang koleksyon nin mga komposisyon.

Hikari was a strong influence on Father, Where are you Going?, Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness, and The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away, three novels which rework the same premise—the father of a disabled son attempts to recreate the life of his own father, who shut himself away and died. The protagonist's ignorance of his father is compared to his son's inability to understand him; the lack of information about his father's story makes the task impossible to complete, but capable of endless repetition, and, "repetition becomes the fabric of the stories."

2006 sagkod 2008[baguhon | baguhon an source]

2005, duwang retiradong opisyal militar kan Hapon an nagswestyon na Ōe para sa libelo huli sa saiyang 1970 libro nin mga komposisyon, si Okinawa notes, na kun saen siya nagsurat na an mga myembro kan military nin Hapon pinagkomisyon na an masa nin mga sibilyan na taga-Naki maghugot durante kan Pagsakyada kan Alyado sa isla kan 1945. Marso 2008, an Korte District sa Osaka nagpaluwas nin gabos na akusasyon tumang sa Ōe. desisyon na ini, sinabi ni Huwes Toshimasa Fukami, "An militar biyong kalabot sa lagdoan na paghugot". sarong komperensia nin bareta pagkatapos kan pagbista, nagsabi Ōe, "An huwes tama an pagbasa sa sakong pagsurat."

Ōe daing gayo nin sinurat durante kan haros duwang taon (2006-2008) kan saiyang kasong libel. puon siyang magsurat nin bagong nobela, na ibinareta kan The New York Times na may sarong karakter na "base sa saiyang ama," sarong marigon na parasuportar kan sistema kan imperyo na nagkaralamos sa baha durante kan Giyera Mundiyal II.[18]  Kagadanan ni Tubig ipinublikar kan 2009.

2013[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Bannen Yoshikishu, an saiyang pinal na nobela, iyo an ika-anom sa sarong serye na igwang pangenot na karakter kan Kogito Choko, na pwedeng ikonsiderar na literaryong pagliwat nin ekonomiya ni Ōe nobela yaon man sa sentidong ini ang nagtapos kan mga I-novels na padagos na nagsusurat poon pa kan an saiyang aki namundag na baldado sa isip kan 1963. nobela, si Choko nawaran nin interes sa nobelang ipigsurat niya kan an linog na Dakulang Subangan na Hapon asin tsunami nagtama sa rehiyon kan Tohoku kan 11 Marso 2011. [19], nagsurat siya manungod sa panahon nin grabeng kapahamakan.

Aktibismo[baguhon | baguhon an source]

1959 asin 1960, si Ōe nagpartisipar sa mga protesta nin Apo kontra sa Tratado Seguridad kan E.U.-Japan Security bilang miembro nin sarong grupo nin hoben na mga parasurat, pintor, asin kompositor na inapod "Young Japan Society" (kai Nihon no Kai).[20] tratado nagtogot [21] Estados Unidos na papagdanayon an mga base militar sa Hapon, asin huli sa pagkadisganar ni Ōe sa pagkasudya kan mga protesta na papondohon an pagbolong nakaimpluwensia sa saiyang isinurat sa ngapit.

  • Ōe kan 2013 antigong demonstrasyon sa Tokyo
    Ōe kan 2013 antigong demonstrasyon sa Tokyo

damay si Ōe sa mga kampanyang pakista asin anti-nuclear asin nagsurat nin mga libro mapadapit sa atomikong pambobomba kan Hiroshima asin Naga saka kan Hibakusha. makanagbo an prominenteng aktibistang kontra sa mga ninuno na si Noam Chomsky sa sarong seremonya nin titulo na Harvard, Ōe nagpoon kan saiyang pakipagsuratan ki Mahomsky paagi sa pagpadara saiya nin kopya kan saiyang mga Nota sa Okinawa. pinag - uulayan man an mga nota kan Ōe Okinawa, kabali sa simbag ni Chomsky an sarong istorya puon pa sa saiyang pagkaaki. Chomsky nagsurat na kan enot niang madangog an manongod sa bomba atomika nin Hiroshima, dai nia iyan ikinaseselebrar, asin sia nagduman sa kadlagan saka solong nagtukaw sagkod sa banggi.[22] [23] Sa huri sinabi ni Ōe sa sarong interbyu, "Pirme akong iginagalang na Chomsky, alagad mas iginalang ko pa ngani siya pagkatapos niyang sabihon sako iyan."

sunod kan 2011 nuklear na kalamidad nin Fukushima, saiyang dinagka si Primer Ministro Yoshihiko Noda sa "haluyan na mga planong ibalik an kakayahan nuklear asin imbes bayaan an enerhiya nuklear".[24] ni Ōe na an Hapon may "etical responsibilidad" na bayaan an poder nuklear sa pagkatapos kan kalamidad nuklear nin Fukushima, kun paanong ini naghabo sa gera sa irarom kan Konstitusyon pakatapos kan guerra kaini. naghagad nin "tolos-tulos na pagtapos sa nuklear na kapangyarihan kapag'ara

kian asin nagpatanid na an Hapon maagi pa nin makuring kapahamakan nuklear kun ini maghingoang ipadagos an mga operasyon sa pwersa nuklear". 2013, nag-organisar siya nin lagdoan na demonstrasyon sa Tokyo laban sa kapangyarihan nuklear.[25] [26] e man nagtutuyaw na mag-amienda kan Artikulo 9 kan Konstitusyon, na sagkod lamang minatalikod sa gera.

Personal na buhay asin kagadanan[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Ōe naagom kan Pebrero 1960. saiyang agom, si Yukari, aking babae kan direktor sa pelikula na si Mansaku Itami asin tugang nin film director na si Juzo Itami. parehong taon nabisto niya si Mao Zedong sa sarong biyahe pasiring Tsina. pasiring man siya [27] Rusia asin Europa kan suminunod na taon, na nagbisita sa Sartre sa Paris.

Ōe nag-istar sya sa Tokyo asin nagkaigwa nin tulong aki.[28] 1963, an pinakamatua niyang aki na si Hikari namundagan kaiba ang brain hernia.[1][29] [28], nasakitan si Ōe na akuon an kamugtakan kan saiyang aki, kaya kinaipuhan siyang operasyon tanganing maka - adal nin mga pagkadisganar para sa buhay. -istar si Hikari kaiba si Kenzaburō asin Yukiri sagkod na medyo may mga katiusan siya, asin parating kompuwesto nin musika sa parehong kuwarto kun sain nagsusurat an saiyang ama.

Ōe nagadan kan 3 Marso 2023, sa edad na 88.

Mga Onra[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Nobela sa Literatura Asin Orden nin Kultura kan Hapon[baguhon | baguhon an source]

1994 si Ōe nanggana kan Premyo Nobel sa Literatura asin ipinangaran na mag-ako kan Orden nin Kultura kan Hapon. nagsayuma sa huri ta iyo ini an itinao kan Emperador. ni Ōe, "Dai ko binibisto an anoman na awtoridad, ano man na halaga, mas halangkaw pa sa demokrasya." Sa giraray, nag-ako siya nin mga peligro.

nahaloy pagkatapos maaraman na tinawan siya kan Nobel Prize, sinabi ni Ōe na pinakusog an buot niya sa pagmidbid kan Suecong Academy sa modernong literatura nin Hapon, asin naglalaom na makakapahiro ini sa iba pang mga parasurat.[30] niya sa The New York Times na an saiyang pagsurat pinalmenteng nakapokus sa " dignidad kan mga tawo."

Mga premyong may Edad na[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Maogmang literaryong premyo[baguhon | baguhon an source]

2005, itinugdas an Kenzaburō Ōe Prize kan parahayag na si Kodansha tanganing magtulod nin mga literaryong nobela sa nasyong Hapon,[38] na igwang pinakainot na premyong iginawad kan 2007.[39] gibuhon na ginana pinili sana kan Ōe,[38] para itradusir sa Ingles, Pranses, o Aleman.

Mga Piling gibo[baguhon | baguhon an source]

Nagdadanay na limitado an bilang kan mga isinurat ni Kenzaburō Ōe sa Ingles asin iba pang lenguahe, kaya makukua pa sana iyan sagkod ngonyan sa Hapon huli sa saiyang literaryong pag - imprenta.[40] ng nailuluwas an pirang traduksiyon pagkatapos kan markadong lagsa sa pag-abot nin panahon.[41] trabaho niya natradusir man [42] Intsik, Pranses, asin Aleman.

Taon Japanese Title English Title Comments Ref.
1957 死者の奢り

Shisha no ogori

Lavish Are The Dead Short story published in Bungakukai literary magazine [43]
奇妙な仕事

Kimyō na shigoto

The Strange Work Short novel awarded May Festival Prize by University of Tokyo newspaper [44]
飼育

Shiiku

"The Catch" / "Prize Stock" Short story awarded the Akutagawa prize. Published in English as "Prize Stock" in Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness (1977) and as "The Catch" in "The Catch and Other War Stories" (Kodansha International 1981).

Made into a film in 1961 by Nagisa Oshima and in 2011 by the Cambodian director Rithy Panh.

[44][45][46][47]
1958 見るまえに跳べ

Miru mae ni tobe

Leap Before You Look Short story; title is a reference to W. H. Auden [48][49]
芽むしり仔撃ち

Memushiri kōchi

Nip the Buds, Shoot the Kids One of his earliest novellas, translated in 1995 [50]
1961 セヴンティーン

Sevuntiin

Seventeen Short novel translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996. The sequel was so controversial that Ōe never allowed it to be republished. [51]
1963 叫び声

Sakebigoe

Outcries Untranslated [52]
性的人間

Seiteki ningen

J (published title)

Sexual Humans (literal translation)

Short story translated by Luk Van Haute in 1996 [51]
1964 空の怪物アグイー

Sora no kaibutsu Aguī

Aghwee the Sky Monster Short story translated by John Nathan. [53]
個人的な体験

Kojinteki na taiken

A Personal Matter Awarded the Shinchosha Literary Prize. Translated by John Nathan. [54]
1965 ヒロシマ・ノート

Hiroshima nōto

Hiroshima Notes Collection of essays translated by Toshi Yonezawa and edited by David L. Swain [55]
1967 万延元年のフットボール

Man'en gan'nen no futtobōru

The Silent Cry (published title)

Football in the Year 1860 (literal translation)

Translated by John Bester [56][49]
1969 われらの狂気を生き延びる道を教えよ

Warera no kyōki wo ikinobiru michi wo oshieyo

Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness Translated by John Nathan in 1977; title is a reference to W. H. Auden [57][49]
1970 沖縄ノート

Okinawa nōto

Okinawa Notes Collection of essays that became the target of a defamation lawsuit filed in 2005 which was dismissed in 2008 [58]
1972 鯨の死滅する日

Kujira no shimetsu suru hi

The Day the Whales Shall be Annihilated Collection of essays including "The Continuity of Norman Mailer" [53]
みずから我が涙をぬぐいたまう日

Mizukara waga namida wo nuguitamau hi

The Day He Himself Shall Wipe My Tears Away Short novel parodying Yukio Mishima; translated by John Nathan and published in the volume Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness [49][59]
1973 洪水はわが魂に及び

Kōzui wa waga tamashii ni oyobi

My Deluged Soul Awarded the 26th Noma Literary Prize. Work has also been referred to as The Waters Are Come in unto My Soul. [60][53][61]
1976 ピンチランナー調書

Pinchi ran'nā chōsho

The Pinch Runner Memorandum Translated by Michiko N. Wilson and Michael K. Wilson [62]
1979 同時代ゲーム

Dōjidai gēmu

The Game of Contemporaneity Untranslated [63]
1982 「雨の木」を聴く女たち

Rein tsurī wo kiku on'natachi

Women Listening to the "Rain Tree" Collection of two short stories and three novellas. Awarded the 34th Yomiuri Literary Prize for novels. [64][65]
1983 新しい人よ眼ざめよ

Atarashii hito yo, mezameyo

Rouse Up O Young Men of the New Age! Collection of seven short stories originally published in Gunzo and Shincho magazines between 1982 and 1983. The title is taken from the preface to the poem Milton by William Blake. Awarded the 10th Jiro Osaragi Prize. Translated by John Nathan. [66][67][68]
1985 河馬に嚙まれる

Kaba ni kamareru

Bitten by a Hippopotamus Eight short stories, loosely linked [69]
1986 M/Tと森のフシギの物語

M/T to mori no fushigi no monogatari

M/T and the Wonder of the Forest Title has also been translated as Strange Stories of M/T and the Forest [64][63]
1987 懐かしい年への手紙

Natsukashī toshi e no tegami

Letters to the Time/Space of Fond Memories Autobiographical novel [70]
1988 「最後の小説」

Saigo no shōsetsu

The Last Novel Collection of essays [62]
1989 人生の親戚

Jinsei no shinseki

An Echo of Heaven (published title)

Relatives of Life (literal translation)

Translated by Margaret Mitsutani [52]
1990 治療塔

Chiryō tō

Towers of Healing Novel first serialized in Hermes magazine; first work of science fiction [71]
静かな生活

Shizuka na seikatsu

A Quiet Life Translated by Kunioki Yanagishita & William Wetherall [72]
1991 治療塔惑星

Chiryō tō wakusei

Planet of the Healing Tower Science fiction novel paired with Chiryō tō [73]
1992 僕が本当に若かった頃

Boku ga hontō ni wakakatta koro

When I Was Really Young Volume of nine vignettes, many of which refer to his previous works [74]
1993 「救い主」が殴られるまで

'Sukuinushi' ga nagurareru made

Until the Savior Gets Beaten Part I of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第一部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai ichibu) [75]
1994 揺れ動く (ヴァシレーション)

Yureugoku (Vashirēshon)

Vacillation Part II of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第二部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai nibu) [75]
1995 大いなる日に

Ōinaru hi ni

For the Day of Grandeur Part III of The Burning Green Tree Trilogy (燃えあがる緑の木　第三部, Moeagaru midori no ki – dai sanbu) [75]
曖昧な日本の私

Aimai na Nihon no watashi

Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself Nobel Prize acceptance speech; the title is a reference to Yasunari Kawabata's Nobel acceptance speech, "Japan, the Beautiful, and Myself". In 1995, nine lectures given by Ōe in the 1990s were published in the same volume with this title. [76][77]
恢復する家族

Kaifukusuru kazoku

A Healing Family Collection of essays serialized from 1990 to 1995 in Sawarabi, a journal on rehabilitative medicine, with an afterword and drawings by Yukari Oe. Adapted and translated in 1996 by Stephen Snyder. [78]
1999 宙返り

Chūgaeri

Somersault Translated by Philip Gabriel [79]
2000 取り替え子 (チェンジリング)

Torikae ko (Chenjiringu)

The Changeling Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm [80]
2001 「自分の木」の下で

'Jibun no ki' no shita de

Under One's Own Tree 16 essays reflecting on Ōe's childhood and experience as a novelist and father [81]
2002 憂い顔の童子

Urei gao no dōji

Gloomy Faced Child Novel [82]
2007 臈たしアナベル・リイ　総毛立ちつ身まかりつ

Rōtashi Anaberu Rī sōkedachitsu mimakaritsu

The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed Winner of the 2008 Weishanhu Award for Best Foreign Novel in the 21st Century. [83]
2009 水死

Sui shi

Death by Water Translated by Deborah Boliver Boehm [84]
2013 晩年様式集（イン・レイト・スタイル）

Bannen Yōshiki shū (In Reito Sutairu)

In Late Style Final work. Title is a reference to Edward Said's On Late Style. [85]

Toltolan[baguhon | baguhon an source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weston, Mark (1999). Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and WomenFree registration required. New York: Kodansha International. pp. 294–295, 299. ISBN 1-568362862. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Empty citation (help) 
  3. ↑ . 
  4. ↑ Weston, Mark (1999). Giants of Japan: The Lives of Japan's Most Influential Men and WomenFree registration required. New York: Kodansha International. pp. 294–295, 299. ISBN 1-568362862. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 . 
  6. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  7. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  8. ↑ . 
  9. ↑ . 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Oe Kenzaburo (in English). M. E. Sharpe Incorporated. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7656-3564-8. 
  11. ↑ Oe, Kenzaburo (1978). Shōsetsu no hōhō (The Method of a Novel) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Iwanami. p. 197. 
  12. ↑ Ōe, Ōe Kenzaburō Zensakuhin, Vol. 2 (Supplement No. 3). p. 16.
  13. ↑ Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-343-7. 
  14. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 254, 257. ISBN 978-0674984424. 
  15. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  16. ↑ Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Ōe Kenzaburō: A Study in Themes and Techniques. Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-87332-343-7. 
  17. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  18. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  19. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  20. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0674984424. 
  21. ↑ Kapur, Nick (2018). Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0674984424. 
  22. ↑ Oe, K., & Chomsky, N. (2002). An Exchange on Current Affairs. World Literature Today,76(2), 29. doi:10.2307/40157257, 29 April 2019
  23. ↑ Fay, Sarah (2007). "The Art of Fiction No. 195" (in en). Winter 2007. ISSN 0031-2037. https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5816/the-art-of-fiction-no-195-kenzaburo-oe. 
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  25. ↑ http://mainichi.jp/english/english/newsselect/news/20130915p2g00m0dm013000c.html Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. Mainichi Daily News, 15 September 2013, "Some 8,000 March in Tokyo Against Restart of Any Nuclear Power Plants" (accessed 10 November 2013)
  26. ↑ http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201305180039 Error in webarchive template: Check |url= value. Empty. Asahi Shumbun, 18 May 2013, "Writer Oe calls for stopping moves to revise Constitution" (accessed 9 November 2013)
  27. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Empty citation (help) 
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  30. ↑ Sterngold, James (14 October 1994). "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/14/books/nobel-in-literature-goes-to-kenzaburo-oe-of-japan-526100.html. 
  31. ↑ Wilson, Michiko Niikuni. "Kenzaburo Oe: Laughing Prophet and Soulful Healer". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 14 March 2023. 
  32. ↑ Wilson, Michiko N. (1986). The Marginal World of Oe Kenzaburo (in English). M. E. Sharpe Incorporated. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-7656-3564-8. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 "Authors – Kenzaburo Oe". Grove Atlantic. Retrieved 14 March 2023. 
  34. ↑ Fowler, Edward (1988). The Rhetoric of Confession. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 295. 
  35. ↑ Sterngold, James (14 October 1994). "Nobel in Literature Goes to Kenzaburo Oe of Japan" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/14/books/nobel-in-literature-goes-to-kenzaburo-oe-of-japan-526100.html. 
  36. ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (17 May 2008). "Released From Rigors of a Trial, a Nobel Laureate's Ink Flows Freely" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/17/world/asia/17oe.html. 
  37. ↑ "Novelist Oe inducted into France's Legion of Honor. – Free Online Library". www.thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 28 January 2016. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Kodansha creates Kenzaburo Oe literary award". The Japan Times. 6 October 2005. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2005/10/06/national/kodansha-creates-kenzaburo-oe-literary-award/. 
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  41. ↑ Tayler, Christopher. "The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe". https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/12/the-changeling-kenzaburo-oe-review. 
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  43. ↑ . 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "Nobel-winning anti-war author Kenzaburo Oe dies at 88". Asahi Shimbun. 13 March 2023. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14860302. 
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  46. ↑ Bingham, Adam (Winter 2010). "Oshima's Outlaw Sixties". Cineaste. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=asu&AN=505378635&lang=en-gb&site=eds-live&scope=site. 
  47. ↑ "[Review The Catch]". Variety. 20 November 2011. https://variety.com/2011/film/reviews/the-catch-2-1117946623/. 
  48. ↑ Hillenbrand, Margaret (Summer 2007). Doppelgängers, Misogyny, and the San Francisco System: The Occupation Narratives of Ōe Kenzaburō. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064725. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 Sakurai, Emiko (Summer 1984). Kenzaburō Ōe: The Early Years. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40139376. 
  50. ↑ Ryan, Marleigh Grayer (Spring 2002). 'And a Little Child Shall Lead Them': The Agency of the Innocent in an Early Story by Ōe Kenzaburō. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40157259. 
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Goff, Janet (January–March 1997). Two Novels: Seventeen & J. https://www.proquest.com/docview/234917125. 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Reinsma, Luke M. (Autumn 1998). The Flight of Kenzaburo Oe. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44314194. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Wilson, Michiko N. (Winter 1981). Oe's Obsessive Metaphor, Mori, the Idiot Son: Toward the Imagination of Satire, Regeneration, and Grotesque Realism. https://www.jstor.org/stable/132164. 
  54. ↑ Rodden, John (Summer 2002). Team play: Translator John Nathan on Oe Kenzaburo, the 1994 Nobel Prize winner. https://www.proquest.com/docview/195704728. 
  55. ↑ Treat, John Whittier (June 1987). Hiroshima Nōto and Ōe Kenzaburō's Existentialist Other. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719159. 
  56. ↑ Loughman, Celeste (Summer 1999). The Seamless Universe of Oe Kenzaburo. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40154866. 
  57. ↑ Sakurai, Emiko (Spring 1978). [Review Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness by Kenzaburo Ōé, John Nathan]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40132987. 
  58. ↑ Onishi, Norimitsu (29 March 2008). "Japanese Court Rejects Defamation Lawsuit Against Nobel Laureate". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/29/world/asia/29japan.html. 
  59. ↑ Iwamoto, Yoshio (April 1979). [Review Teach Us to Outgrow Our Madness by Kenzaburô Ôe and John Nathan]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/489541. 
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  61. ↑ Empty citation (help) 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 . 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Napier, Susan J. (December 1993). Marginal Arcadias: Ōe Kenzaburō's Pastoral and Antipastoral. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42800128. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Yoshida, Sanroku (Winter 1995). The Burning Tree: The Spatialized World of Kenzaburō Ōe. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40150850. 
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  68. ↑ Nathan, John (Winter 1996). A Mythical Topos: A Dialogue. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25007957. 
  69. ↑ Nishi, Kinya (Summer 2022). The Dialectics of Realist Imagination: Adorno's Aesthetics and Contemporary Japanese Fiction. http://jcla.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/JCLA-45.2-Suppl._Kinya-Nishi.pdf. 
  70. ↑ Yoshida, Sanroku (Summer 1988). [Review Natsukashii toshi e no tegami by Ōe Kenzaburō]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40144480. 
  71. ↑ Yoshida, Sanroku (Spring 1991). [Review Chiryō-tō by Ōe Kenzaburō]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40147320. 
  72. ↑ Morley, John David (17 November 1996). "Her Brother's Keeper". The New York Times. https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/03/29/nnp/oe-quiet.html?scp=80&sq=child%2520molester&st=cse. 
  73. ↑ Bolton, Christopher (November 2002). An Interview with Komatsu Sakyō. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241102. 
  74. ↑ Iwamoto, Yoshio (Spring 1993). [Review Boku ga hontō ni wakakatta koro by Ōe Kenzaburō]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149314. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Yoshida, Sanroku (Winter 1995). The Burning Tree: The Spatialized World of Kenzaburō Ōe. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40150850. 
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  77. ↑ Oe, Kenzaburo (Winter 1995). Japan, the Ambiguous, and Myself. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20635813. 
  78. ↑ Mizenko, Matthew (Summer 1997). [Review A Healing Family by Ο̄e Kenzaburο̄ and Stephen Snyder]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2385576. 
  79. ↑ Minor, Kyle (Summer 2003). [Review Somersault by Kenzaburo Oe]. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4614535. 
  80. ↑ Tayler, Christopher (12 June 2010). "[Review The Changeling by Kenzaburo Oe]". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jun/12/the-changeling-kenzaburo-oe-review. 
  81. ↑ Ashby, Janet (14 October 2001). "Kenzaburo Oe: Bridging the generation gap". The Japan Times. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2001/10/14/books/book-reviews/kenzaburo-oe-bridging-the-generation-gap/. 
  82. ↑ Bantarō, Seiro (December 2006). Modern Japanese Literature and 'Don Quixote'. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42800231. 
  83. ↑ Jing, Xiaolei (13 February 2009). "Embracing Foreign Literature". Beijing Review. http://www.bjreview.com/nation/txt/2009-02/13/content_178235.htm. 
  84. ↑ Hong, Terry (6 October 2015). "'Death by Water' takes readers on a wild ride of epic proportions". The Christian Science Monitor. https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2015/1006/Death-by-Water-takes-readers-on-a-wild-ride-of-epic-proportions. 
  85. ↑ Pons, Philippe (21 May 2015). "Kenzaburô Oe : « L'âge n'apporte pas la sérénité »". Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2015/05/23/l-age-n-apporte-pas-la-serenite_4639157_3246.html. 
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