Nyaya Sutras
An Nyāya Sūtras iyo an sarong suanoy na tekstong Indyano sa Sanskrito na kinomposo ni Akṣapāda Gautama, asin an pundasyon na teksto kan Nyaya eskwelahan kan pilosopiyang Hindu.[1][2] An petsa kun kasuarin an teksto kinomposo, asin an biograpiya kan saiyang awtor dai aram, alagad pigtantya na iyan sa pag-ultanan kan ika-6 na siglo BCE asin ika-2 na siglo CE.[3][4] An teksto posibleng kinomposo nin labi sa sarong awtor, sa laog nin halawig na panahon.[3] Kompwesto an teksto nin limang libro, igwa nin duwang kapitulo sa kada libro, na igwa nin kabilugan na 528 aphoristic sutras, dapit sa mga panundon kan rason, lohika, epistemolohiya asin metapisika.[5][6][7]
An Nyāya Sūtras iyo an sarong tekstong Hindu,[8] notable huli sa pagpokus sa kaaram asin lohika, asi dai nag-unabi sa mga ritwal na Vediko.[9] An enot na libro instruktura bilang pangkagabsan na introduksyon asin table of contents nin kag-anom na mga kategorya nin kaaraman.[3] An Book two dapit sa pramana (epistemology), an book three dapit sa prameya o an mga bagay kan kaaraman, an teksto nagtutukar sa naturalesa kan kaaraman sa natatadang mga libro.[3] Nagbugtak iyan nin pundasyon para sa tradisyon na Nyaya nin empirical na teorya nin validity asin katotoohan, pigkokontra an uncritical appeals sa intuition o scriptural authority.[10]
An Nyaya sutras pigkokobre an mahiwas na tema, kabali an Tarka-Vidyā, an siyensya kan debate o Vāda-Vidyā, an siyensya kan diskusyon.[11] An Nyāya Sutras igwa nin kinaaraman sa kada saro alagad pinalawig an Vaiśeṣika epistemological and metaphysical system.[12] An mga huring komentaryo pinalawig, pinaliwanag asin tinukar an Nyaya sutras, an amay na nakasalbar na mga komentaryo iyo an ki Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana (ika-5–ika-6 Siglo CE), sinundan kan Nyāyavārttika ni Uddyotakāra (ika-6–ika-7 siglo CE), Tātparyatīkā ni Vācaspati Miśra (ika-9 na siglo CE), Tātparyapariśuddhi ni Udayana (10th Century CE), asin Jayanta's Nyāyamañjarī (ika-10ng Siglo CE).[13][14][15]
Toltolan
[baguhon | baguhon an source]- ↑ Klaus K Klostermaier (1998), A concise encyclopedia of Hinduism, Oneworld, ISBN 978-1851681754, page 129
- ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, pages vii, 33, 129
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, page 129
- ↑ B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.
- ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, pages 127–136
- ↑ Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint), Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama (4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-1264-2
- ↑ SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120807488
- ↑ Francis X Clooney (2001), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199738724, page 18
- ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, page 129; Quote: "In focusing on knowledge and logic, Gautama's Sutras made no mention of Vedic ritual".
- ↑ Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, pages 3, 1–12
- ↑ Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, pages 191–199, 207–208
- ↑ Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1898723943, pages 98, 103–104, 128
- ↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong
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- ↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong
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- ↑ Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120803091, pages 239