Hilingon an source kan Tataramon na Dargwa

{{Short description|Tataramon na Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano}}{{Redirect|Dargi|mga lugar sa Iran|Dargi, Iran (klaripikasyon){{!}}Dargi, Iran}}
{{Infobox tataramon
| name             = Dargwa
| nativename       = дарган мез<br>''dargan mez''
| states           = [[Rusya]]
| region           = [[Dagestan]]
| ethnicity        = {{sigfig|589,000|2}} [[Dargins]] (2010 census)<ref name=e18/>
| speakers         = {{sigfig|493,000|2}}
| date             = 2010 sensus
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Kawkasyano
| fam1             = [[Mga tataramon na Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano|Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano]]
| fam2             = [[Mga tataramon na Dargin|Dargin]]
| nation           = {{flag|Dagestan}}
| iso2             = dar
| iso3             = dar
| iso3comment      = (iyo man an [[Mga tataramon na Dargin]])
| glotto           = darg1241
| glottorefname    = North-Central Dargwa
| glotto2          = sout3261
| glottorefname2   = Southwestern Dargwa
| script           = [[Siriliko]]
| image = File:Northeast Caucasian languages.png
| caption = Northeast Caucasian languages]
}}
An '''Dargwa''' ({{lang|dar|дарган мез}}, ''dargan mez'') iyo an sarong [[Mga tataramon na Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano|Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano]] na pigtataram kan [[Mga Dargin|Darginon]] sa republika kan [[Rusya]] na [[Dagestan]]. Ito an panliteratura asin panginot na diyalekto kan [[dialect continuum]] na minabilog sa [[Mga tataramon na Dargin]].<ref name="xxx">{{Cite book
| vauthors=Forker D
| title =   A grammar of Sanzhi Dargwa
| place = Berlin
| publisher = Language Science Press
| date = 2019
| format = pdf
| url = http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/250
| doi = 10.5281/zenodo.3339225 
| doi-access=free
| isbn = 978-3-96110-197-9
}}
</ref>
An apat na iba pang mga tataramon sa dialect continuum na ini iyo an ([[tataramon na Kajtak|Kajtak]], [[tataramon na Kubachi|Kubachi]], [[Tataramon na Itsari|Itsari]], asin [[Tataramon na Chirag|Chirag]]) na minsan pigkokonsiderar na mga baryant kan Dargwa. Napagdesisyunan ni Korjakov (2012) na an Habagatan-Sulnopan na Dargwa, urog na harani sa Kajtak kisa sa Amihanan-Katahawan na Dargwa.<ref>Yu. B. Korjakov, 2012. ''Leksikostaticeksaya klassifikatsiya Darginskix Jazykov.'' An papel na ipinahiling sa Moscow Seminar sa mga tataramon na Nakh-Dagestanian na pigpakarhay ni Nina Sumbatova.</ref>

Naggagamit an Dargwa nin [[Iskriturang Siriliko]].

Susog sa [[Sensus kan Rusya (2002)|2002 Census]], igwa nin 429,347 na parataram kan Sentrong Dargwa sa Dagestan, 7,188 sa kataid kaining [[Kalmykia]], 1,620 sa [[Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug|Khanty–Mansi AO]], 680 sa [[Chechnya]], asin dakol pa sa gatos sa iba pang mga parte kan  Rusya. Mga numero para sa diyalektong Lakh na ipigtataram sa katahawan na Dagestan<ref>{{cite journal |last=Echols |first=John |date= Jan–Mar 1952 |title=Lakkische Studien by Karl Bouda |jstor=410010 |journal=Language |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=159 |doi=10.2307/410010}}</ref>, maabot sa 142,523 sa Dagestan, 1,504 sa [[Kabardino-Balkaria]], 708 sa Khanty–Mansi.{{Verify source|date=January 2010}}

== Sitwasyon nin linggwistika ==
[[File: Northeast Caucasian languages map de.svg | thumb | left | 200px| Panginot na lugar kan pangheheras nin Dargin (No. 1) sa palibot kan pamilya nin tataramon na Amihanan-Subangan na Kawkasyano]]
An Dargin o Dargwa iyo an pangaduwang pinakakaraniwang tataramon sa Dagestan asin marhay na itinutugdas sa pang-araaldaw na buhay. Ini an tataramon kan eskwelahan asin igwa man na mga pahayagan, libro asin mga programa sa radyo sa tataramon na ini. Arog pa man kaito, pinagsuway-suway ini sa sarong serye nin mga diyalekto na masakit masabutan sa lambang saro, na binabanga pa ngani kan pirang parasaligsig sa apat na grupo na igwang kagsarong independiyenteng tataramon (kabali an, halimbawa, Cubachin ); nakasusog qn nakasurat na tataramon sa diyalektong Akushin, na pigtataram sa palibot kan baryo nin [[Akuscha]].

== Pagsurat ==
Nakabase an pagsusurat bago an [[1928]] sa Arabic (bagaman kadtong 1860s asin 70s, igwang mga pagpupurbar na gamiton an [[Siriliko | Cyrillic]]), kadtong 1928–1938 sa Latin, poon 1938 base sa mga graphiko na Ruso gamit an sarong kadagdagan na sign [[Ӏ (Siriliko)| I]] asin kadakol na digrapo tanganing tukduon an mga partikular na ponema kan mga tataramon kan Dagestan.

== Palatanugan ==

=== Mga katanog ===

{| class="wikitable IPA" border="1"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |[[labial consonant|Labial]]
! colspan="2" |[[dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan="2" |[[postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]
! rowspan="2" |[[palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[velar consonant|Velar]]
! colspan="2" |[[uvular consonant|Uvular]]
! rowspan="2" |[[pharyngeal consonant|Pharyngeal/<br>Epiglottal]]
! rowspan="2" |[[glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center class=small
! lenis
! [[fortis and lenis|fortis]]
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
! lenis
! fortis
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| m
|
| n
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
!<small> [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|b}}</span>
|
| d
|
|
|
|
| ɡ
|
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|ɢ}}</span>
|
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|ʡ}}</span>
|
|-align=center
!<small> [[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| p
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|pː}}</span>
| t
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|tː}}</span>
|
|
|
| k
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|kː}}</span>
| q
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|qː}}</span>
|
| ʔ
|-align=center
! <small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
| pʼ
|
| tʼ
|
|
|
|
| kʼ
|
| qʼ
|
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|ʡʼ}}</span>
|
|-align=center
! rowspan="3" | [[affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small> [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|d͡z}}</span>
|
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|d͡ʒ}}</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
!<small> [[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
| t͡s
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|t͡sː}}</span>
| t͡ʃ
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|t͡ʃː}}</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
!<small>[[ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|
|
| t͡sʼ
|
| t͡ʃʼ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
! rowspan="2" | [[fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|f}}</span>
|
| s
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|sː}}</span>
| ʃ
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|ʃː}}</span>
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|ç}}</span>
| x
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|xː}}</span>
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|χ}}</span>
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|χː}}</span>
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|ʜ}}</span>
|
|-align=center
!<small> [[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|v}}</span>
|
| z
|
| ʒ
|
| 
| <span style="color: orange;">{{IPA|ɣ}}</span>
|
| ʁ
|
| ʢ
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|ɦ}}</span>
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | [[trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|
|
| r
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-align=center
! colspan="2" | [[approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| <span style="color: magenta;">{{IPA|w}}</span>
|
| l
|
|
|
| j
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}
* An mga ponema na naka-<span style="color: orange;">bulawan</span>, yaon sa estandarteng panliteratura na diyalekto kan Dargwa alagad mayo sa ibang (mga) diyalekto.
* An mga ponema na naka-<span style="color: magenta;">pink</span>, yaon sa pirang (mga) diyalekto kan Dargwa alagad mayo sa estandarteng panliteratura na diyalekto.
* Medyo malibog an pinaghalian sa paggamit kaini kan terminong "[[laryngeal consonant|laryngeal]]" para sa sarong ipinapabugtak na kolum kan mga katanog na kinakabalihan kan parehas na "voiced" asin "glottalized" plosive. Dai pwedeng gamiton an sarong tingog na [[glottal stop|glottal plosive]], nin huli ta dahil kaipuhan na isara an [[glottis]], asin nangangaipuhan nin pagsasarado an sarong ejective consonant sa itaas kan vocal tract. Nakabinbin an paglilinaw, an row na ini, na-transcribe dgdi bilang sarong [[epiglottal consonant|epiglottal]] column asin sarong glottal stop, na parehas na madudukayan sa kadakol pang iba na mga tataramon na Subangan na Kawkasyano.

=== Mga patanog ===
Nagpapahiling an tataramon na Dargwa nin limang patanog na tanog /i, e, ə, a, u/. An mga patanog na /i, u, a/ pwedeng i-pharyngealize bilang /iˤ, uˤ, aˤ/. Pwedeng igwa man na pharyngealized mid-back na patanog [oˤ] bilang pagsasagibo kan /uˤ/, na nangyayari sa diyalektong Megeb.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Daniel|first=Michael|title=The Mehweb language: Essays on phonology, morphology and syntax|last2=Dobrushina|first2=Nina|last3=Ganenkov|first3=Dmitry|publisher=Berlin: Language Science Press|year=2019}}</ref>

==Ortograpiya==

An sa ngunyan na alpabeto nin Dargwa nakabase sa [[Siriliko]] arog kan minasunod:

{| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;"
| style=«width:3em;»|А а
| style=«width:3em;»|Б б
| style=«width:3em;»|В в
| style=«width:3em;»|Г г
| style=«width:3em;»|Гъ гъ
| style=«width:3em;»|Гь гь
| style=«width:3em;»|Гӏ гӏ
| style=«width:3em;»|Д д
| style=«width:3em;»|Е е
| style=«width:3em;»|Ё ё
| style=«width:3em;»|Ж ж
| style=«width:3em;»|З з
|-
| style=«width:3em;»|И и
| style=«width:3em;»|Й й
| style=«width:3em;»|К к
| style=«width:3em;»|Къ къ
| style=«width:3em;»|Кь кь
| style=«width:3em;»|Кӏ кӏ
| style=«width:3em;»|Л л
| style=«width:3em;»|М м
| style=«width:3em;»|Н н
| style=«width:3em;»|О о
| style=«width:3em;»|П п
| style=«width:3em;»|Пӏ пӏ
|-
| style=«width:3em;»|Р р
| style=«width:3em;»|С с
| style=«width:3em;»|Т т
| style=«width:3em;»|Тӏ тӏ
| style=«width:3em;»|У у
| style=«width:3em;»|Ф ф
| style=«width:3em;»|Х х
| style=«width:3em;»|Хъ хъ
| style=«width:3em;»|Хь хь
| style=«width:3em;»|Хӏ хӏ
| style=«width:3em;»|Ц ц
| style=«width:3em;»|Цӏ цӏ
|-
| style=«width:3em;»|Ч ч
| style=«width:3em;»|Чӏ чӏ
| style=«width:3em;»|Ш ш
| style=«width:3em;»|Щ щ
| style=«width:3em;»|Ъ ъ
| style=«width:3em;»|Ы ы
| style=«width:3em;»|Ь ь
| style=«width:3em;»|Э э
| style=«width:3em;»|Ю ю
| style=«width:3em;»|Я я
|}

== Gramatika ==
=== Panhiro ===
==== TAM ====
===== Mga pormang asertibo (may kasagkudan) =====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"

|+ Mga pormang asertibo (may kasagkudan) <ref name="IcariGrammar">Nina R. Sumbatova, Rasul Osmanovič Mutalov. "A Grammar of Icari Dargwa". Lincom GmbH, 2003</ref>
|-
! scope="col" | KATEGORYANG TAM !! ! scope="col" | BOOT SABIHON !!  scope="col" | ASPEKTO !! scope="col" | MODIFIER !! scope="col" | PREDICATIVE MARKER !! scope="col" | NEGATION !! scope="col"| EHEMPLO
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | DERIVED FROM THE PROGRESSIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -a)
|-
! scope="row" | Present
| 1. all types of present situations including actual and habitual situations, 2. historic present, 3. close future: the speaker‘s intention
| IPF || [-ti] || PERSON / PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) 
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |reduplication or negative auxiliary 
| anwar-ri kaRar luk’-a–ca=b (Anwar is writing a letter)
|-
! scope="row" | Past Progressive
| a progressive situation in the past || IPF || -ti || PAST (–di)
| it uč’-a-Ti–di (He was reading)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | DERIVED FROM THE PRETERITE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -ib/-ub/-ur/-un):
|-
! scope="row" | Aorist 
|any completed action in the past || PF ||-|| PERSON (–da/–di) 
| rowspan="8" colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |negative auxiliary ||
|-
! scope="row" | Imperfect 
|unspecified imperfective meaning in the past (both durative and multiplicative situations) || IPF || -|| PERSON (–da/–di) || hin ha.ruq-ib
|-
! scope="row" |Perfect  
|perfect (a completed action whose results are still presently actual) || PF  ||-|| PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) || jabu-l hin d=er{-ib–ca=d (The horse has drunk up the whole of the water)
|-
! scope="row" |Pluperfect  
| a completed action in the past preceding another past action || PF  || -li  || PAST (–di) ||
|-
! scope="row" |*Evidential Present 
| 1. inference from non-trivial results of a situation that still exist at the moment of speech 2. subject resultative:
| IPF || - || PERSON/PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) || jabu hinni b=u{-ib–ca=b (The horse has had a drink of water)
|-
! scope="row" |*Evidential Past  
| 1. inference from non-trivial results that existed in the past subject resultative in the past  || IPF  ||-li  || PAST (–di) ||
|-
! scope="row" |Resultative 
| resultative (state of the patient) || - || -li || PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) || jabu mura-l b=uK-un-ni–ca=b 'The horse has eaten its fill of hay.‘
|-
! scope="row" |Experiential 
| experiential ||- ||-ci ||PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b) ||  ni}a-la }a=b b=uZ-ib-ti–ca=b d=eqel juz-i d=elk'-un-ti  ̳There have been in our village those who had written many books'.
|-
! scope="row" |Habitual Past
| a habitual action in the past || IPF || -a-d-i, -a-T-i, -iri/-ini or -aj || no separable predicative morphemes || reduplication 
| harzamina b=urs-iri di-la waba-l 'My mother used to tell (this story).‘
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | DERIVED FROM THE OBLIGATIVE STEM ( BASIC STEM + -an):
|-
! scope="row" |Future 
|all types of future situations || IPF || - || PERSON/FUTURE(–da/–di/-ni) ||negative auxiliary ||
|-
! scope="row" |Obligative Present 
|a situation that the speaker believes necessary to be realized || IPF * || - || PERSON /PRESENT (–da/–di/–ca=b)
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |negative auxiliary ||
|-
! scope="row" |Obligative Past
|an irreal situation that the speaker believes necessary to have been realized in the past
| IPF * || - || PAST (–di) ||
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align: center;" |DERIVED FROM THE HYPOTHETICAL STEM ( BASIC STEM + -iZ-):
|-
! scope="row" |Hypothetical Present
| a possible action in the future || - || - || PERSON(–da/–di)
| rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="text-align: center;" |reduplication or negative auxiliary ||
|-
! scope="row" |Hypothetical Past
| a past situation that did not take place, but is treated by the speaker as having been possible under certain conditions  || - || - || PAST (–di) ||
|-
! scope="row" |Irrealis 
|  used in the apodosis of the irreal conditional clauses || IPF || - || PAST (–di) || reduplication ||
|}

== Litegaturang Dargwa ==
An sarong bilang nin mga parasurat asin makata na nagsurat nin panliteratura na tataramon na Dargin:
* [[Abdullaev, Saygid Nukhkadievich]] (1903-1952)
* [[Abu-Bakar, Akhmedkhan Abakarovich]] (real family Abakarov) (1931-1991)
* [[Aliev, Khabib Mikailovich]] (1940-1992)
* [[Bagandov, Gazimbeg Kurbanovich]] (1941-1994)
* [[Vagidov, Abdulla Magomedovich]] (1940)
* [[Gazi, Amir Radjabovich]] (real family name Gazimagomedov) (1940)
* [[Gamidov, Magomed Halimbekovich]] (1930)
* [[Hasanov, Ilyas Gadzhimagomedovich]] (1934)
* [[Iminagaev, Aziz]] (1892—1944)
* [[Rasulov, Magomed-Rasul Rasulovich]] (1936)
* [[Mungi, Ahmed]] (1843—1915)
* [[Nurov, Rabadan]] (1889—1942)
* [[Rabadanov, Suleiman Rabadanovich]] (1932)
* [[Rashidov, Rashid Medzhidovich]] (1928)
* [[Blind Sacrifice]] (1848—1922)
* [[Shapieva, Umurahil Magomedovna]] (1924)
* [[Yusupov, Gazimagomed Jabrailovich | Yusupov Gazimagomed Jabrailovich]] (1941—2015)

==Mga pinagkuanan==
{{Reflist}}

== Mga panluwas na takod ==
* [https://dictionaria.clld.org/contributions/sanzhi#twords An online dictionary of Sanzhi Dargwa (in Dictionaria)], by Diana Forker
* [[wikt:Appendix:Cyrillic script#Dargwa alphabet|Appendix:Cyrillic script]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061207200313/http://www.durov.com/linguistics4/abdullayev-67.htm tataramon na Dargin] (sa Ruso
*[http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#FN4 Consonant System ng North-East Caucasian Languages]
* [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ncc\dgw&limit=-1 Dargwa basic lexicon sa Global Lexicostatistic Database]

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