Teorya nin sabwatan

An teorya nin sabwatan iyo an paliwanag para sa pangyayari o sitwasyon na nagbubusol sa pag-eksister kan sarong sabwatan kan mga poderoso asin mararaot na grupo, parating politikal sa motibasyon,^[3]^[4]^[5] kapag an ibang paliwanag iyo an urog na posible.^[3]^[6]^[7] An termino sa pangkagabsan igwa nin negatibong konotasyon, na nagtatao nin kahulugan na an appeal kan teorya nin sabwatan iyo an nakabase sa paghusga, emosyonal na konbiksyon, o bakong supisyenteng ebidensya.^[8] Daing-siring an teorya nin sabwatan kompara sa mismong sabwatan; iyan nanonongod sa hypothesized conspiracy na igwa nin mga karateristiko, kabali alagad bakong limitado sa oposisyon sa mainstream consensus sa tahaw kan mga kwalipikado na mag-ebalwar kan saiyang accuracy, siring kan mga siyentipiko asin mga historyador.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Toltolan

↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Barkun2003
↑ Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Harambam, Jaron; Aupers, Stef (August 2021). "From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims". European Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications) 24 (4): 990–1008. doi:10.1177/1367549419886045. ISSN 1460-3551.
↑ Goertzel, Ted (December 1994). "Belief in conspiracy theories". Political Psychology (Wiley on behalf of the International Society of Political Psychology) 15 (4): 731–742. doi:10.2307/3791630. ISSN 1467-9221. ""explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"".
↑ "conspiracy theory". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"
↑ Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C.; Pickering, Alan D. (2013). "Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale". Frontiers in Psychology 4: 279. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279. ISSN 1664-1078. PMID 23734136. "A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.".
↑
Additional sources:
- Aaronovitch, David (2009). Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History (in English). Jonathan Cape. p. 253. ISBN 9780224074704. Retrieved 17 August 2019. It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments.
- Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). "Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy". Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN 0888-4080. "A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.".
- Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019). "Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy". PLOS ONE 14 (12): e0225964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 31794581. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1425964M. "Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.".
- Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013). "An introduction into the world of conspiracy". PsyPAG Quarterly 1 (88): 5–8. doi:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20150813062541/http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. Retrieved on 2023-07-07. "Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.".
↑ Byford, Jovan (2011). Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230349216. OCLC 802867724.
↑ Andrade, Gabriel (April 2020). "Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (Springer on behalf of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare) 23 (3): 505–518. doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6. ISSN 1572-8633. PMID 32301040. PMC: 7161434. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf. Retrieved on 7 October 2021.
↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Barkun2016
↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Brotherton2013-q

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[Barkun2003-1] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Barkun2003

[2] Issitt, Micah; Main, Carlyn (2014). Hidden Religion: The Greatest Mysteries and Symbols of the World's Religious Beliefs. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-478-0.

[Harambam-Aupers_2021-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Harambam, Jaron; Aupers, Stef (August 2021). "From the unbelievable to the undeniable: Epistemological pluralism, or how conspiracy theorists legitimate their extraordinary truth claims". European Journal of Cultural Studies (SAGE Publications) 24 (4): 990–1008. doi:10.1177/1367549419886045. ISSN 1460-3551.

[4] Goertzel, Ted (December 1994). "Belief in conspiracy theories". Political Psychology (Wiley on behalf of the International Society of Political Psychology) 15 (4): 731–742. doi:10.2307/3791630. ISSN 1467-9221. ""explanations for important events that involve secret plots by powerful and malevolent groups"".

[5] "conspiracy theory". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.) "the theory that an event or phenomenon occurs as a result of a conspiracy between interested parties; spec. a belief that some covert but influential agency (typically political in motivation and oppressive in intent) is responsible for an unexplained event"

[BrothertonFrench2013-6] Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C.; Pickering, Alan D. (2013). "Measuring Belief in Conspiracy Theories: The Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale". Frontiers in Psychology 4: 279. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00279. ISSN 1664-1078. PMID 23734136. "A conspiracist belief can be described as 'the unnecessary assumption of conspiracy when other explanations are more probable'.".

[probability-7] Additional sources:
Aaronovitch, David (2009). Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History (in English). Jonathan Cape. p. 253. ISBN 9780224074704. Retrieved 17 August 2019. It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments.

Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). "Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy". Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN 0888-4080. "A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.".

Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019). "Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy". PLOS ONE 14 (12): e0225964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 31794581. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1425964M. "Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.".

Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013). "An introduction into the world of conspiracy". PsyPAG Quarterly 1 (88): 5–8. doi:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20150813062541/http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. Retrieved on 2023-07-07. "Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.".

[8] Aaronovitch, David (2009). Voodoo Histories: The Role of the Conspiracy Theory in Shaping Modern History (in English). Jonathan Cape. p. 253. ISBN 9780224074704. Retrieved 17 August 2019. It is a contention of this book that conspiracy theorists fail to apply the principle of Occam's razor to their arguments.

[9] Brotherton, Robert; French, Christopher C. (2014). "Belief in Conspiracy Theories and Susceptibility to the Conjunction Fallacy". Applied Cognitive Psychology 28 (2): 238–248. doi:10.1002/acp.2995. ISSN 0888-4080. "A conspiracy theory can be defined as an unverified and relatively implausible allegation of conspiracy, claiming that significant events are the result of a secret plot carried out by a preternaturally sinister and powerful group of people.".

[10] Jonason, Peter Karl; March, Evita; Springer, Jordan (2019). "Belief in conspiracy theories: The predictive role of schizotypy, Machiavellianism, and primary psychopathy". PLOS ONE 14 (12): e0225964. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0225964. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 31794581. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1425964M. "Conspiracy theories are a subset of false beliefs, and generally implicate a malevolent force (e.g., a government body or secret society) involved in orchestrating major events or providing misinformation regarding the details of events to an unwitting public, in part of a plot towards achieving a sinister goal.".

[11] Thresher-Andrews, Christopher (2013). "An introduction into the world of conspiracy". PsyPAG Quarterly 1 (88): 5–8. doi:10.53841/bpspag.2013.1.88.5. Archived from the original on 2015-08-13. https://web.archive.org/web/20150813062541/http://www.psypag.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Issue-88.pdf. Retrieved on 2023-07-07. "Conspiracy theories are unsubstantiated, less plausible alternatives to the mainstream explanation of the event; they assume everything is intended, with malignity. Crucially, they are also epistemically self-insulating in their construction and arguments.".

[Byford-8] Byford, Jovan (2011). Conspiracy theories : a critical introduction. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230349216. OCLC 802867724.

[Andrade2020-9] Andrade, Gabriel (April 2020). "Medical conspiracy theories: Cognitive science and implications for ethics". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy (Springer on behalf of the European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare) 23 (3): 505–518. doi:10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6. ISSN 1572-8633. PMID 32301040. PMC: 7161434. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11019-020-09951-6.pdf. Retrieved on 7 October 2021.

[Barkun2016-10] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Barkun2016

[Brotherton2013-q-11] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na Brotherton2013-q

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