Voltaire

Voltaire
Voltaire
	Pintura ni Nicolas de Largillière, c. 1724
Minundagan	François-Marie Arouet; 21 Nobyembre 1694; Paris, Kingdom of France
Kagadanan	30 Mayo 1778 (edad 83); Paris, Kingdom of France
Nilubongan	Panthéon, Paris, Pransya
Kasibotan	Parasurat, pilosopo
Nasyunalidad	Pranses
Alma mater	Collège Louis-le-Grand
Kailusyon	Émilie du Châtelet (1733–1749),; Marie Louise Mignot (1744–1778)
	Philosophy career
Era	Anoy nin Pagkamuklat
Region	Western philosophy; French philosophy
School	Lumières; Philosophes; Deism; Classical liberalism
Main interests	Political philosophy, literature, historiography, biblical criticism
Notable ideas	Philosophy of history, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, separation of church and state
	Influences Francis Bacon, Pierre Bayle, Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet, Miguel de Cervantes, Plato, Cicero, Emilie de Chatelet, Confucius, Pierre Corneille, Epicurus, Homer, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, John Locke, Lucian, Lucretius, Jean Meslier, Moliere, Isaac Newton, Alexander Pope, Jean Racine, William Shakespeare, Ibn Tufail, Virgil;
	Influenced Vissarion Belinsky, Jeremy Bentham, Jorge Luis Borges, Lord Byron, Catherine the Great, Emilie de Chatelet, Denis Diderot, Gustave Flaubert, Frederick the Great, William Godwin, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Alexander Herzen, Kermani, Christopher Hitchens, Victor Hugo, Karl Marx, Napoleon, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Paine, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Percy Bysshe Shelley, David Strauss, Mary Wollstonecraft;
Lagda

Si François-Marie Arouet (Pranses: [fʁɑ̃swa maʁi aʁwɛ]; 21 November 1694 – 30 May 1778), midbid sa saiyang tagong-ngaran na Voltaire (/vɒlˈtɛər, voʊl-/;^[5]^[6]^[7] also US: /vɔːl-/;^[8]^[9] Pranses: [vɔltɛːʁ]), sarong Pranses Pagmumuklat na parasurat, historyador, asin pilosopo bantog kan saiyang mapanas na pag'iisip, saiyang pagtuyaw sa Kristyandad—orog na an Simbahan Katoliko Romano— asin kan kaoripnan, kan saiyang adbokasiya sa talingkas na pagtaram, talingkas na pagtubod, asin an pagkasuway kan simbahan sa estado.

Si Voltaire mahusay asin mahigos na parasurat, nagpoprodyusir nin pagsusurat sa maski ano na lang na porma literaryo, kairiba na diyan an dula, rawitdawit, nobela, prosa, historya, asin mga sayantipikong pagpahayag. Siya nagguhit nin sobra sa 20,000 na mga kasuratan asin 2,000 na libro asin polyeto.^[10] Siya an saro sa mga naenot na mga kagsurat na internasyonal na nabantog asin komersyal na nagbenta kan mga gibo niya. Siya maisog na nag'tutulod sa libertad sibil asin pirmi yaon sa huma nin estriktong pagsesensor huli kan mahigot na mga leyes kan monarkiyang Katolikong Pranses. An mga polemiko niya malanit na nagtutuya-tuya' kan intoleransya, dogma relihiyoso, asin kan mga kagawean nin Pranses sa panahon niyang idto. An pinakabantogan na obra niya asin kumbaga magnum opus, iyo an Candide, sarong halipot na nobela na nagkokomento, nagtutuyaw, asin nagtuya-tuya' dapit kan mga pangyayari, mga paraisip, asin kan mga pilosopiya sa panahon niya.

Mga sinurat

Non-piksyon

Letters on the Quakers (1727)
Letters concerning the English nation (London, 1733) (French version entitled Lettres philosophiques sur les Anglais, Rouen, 1734), revised as Letters on the English (circa 1778)
"Le Mondain" (1736)
Sept Discours en Vers sur l'Homme (1738)
The Elements of Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy (1738; 2nd expanded ed. 1745)
Dictionnaire philosophique (1752)
The Sermon of the Fifty (1759)
The Calas Affair: A Treatise on Tolerance (1762)
Traité sur la tolérance (1763)
Ce qui plaît aux dames (1764)
Idées républicaines (1765)
La Philosophie de l'histoire (1765)
Questions sur les Miracles (1765)
L'Ingénu (1767)
La Princesse de Babylone (1768)
Des singularités de la nature (1768)
Les Dialogues d’Evhémère (1777)

Historya

History of Charles XII, King of Sweden (1731)
The Age of Louis XIV (1751)
The Age of Louis XV (1746–1752; published separately 1768)
Annals of the Empire – Charlemagne, AD 742 – Henry VII 1313, Vol. I (1754)
Annals of the Empire – Louis of Bavaria, 1315 to Ferdinand II 1631 Vol. II (1754)
Essay on Universal History, the Manners, and Spirit of Nations (1756)
History of the Russian Empire Under Peter the Great (Vol. I 1759; Vol. II 1763)

Halipot na nobela

The One-eyed Street Porter, Cosi-sancta (1715)
Micromégas (1738)
The World as it Goes (1750)
Memnon (1750)
Bababec and the Fakirs (1750)
Timon (1755)
Plato's Dream (1756)
The Travels of Scarmentado (1756)
The Two Consoled Ones (1756)
Zadig, or, Destiny (1757)
Candide, or Optimism (1758)
Story of a Good Brahman (1759)
The King of Boutan (1761)
The City of Cashmere (1760)
An Indian Adventure (1764)
The White and the Black (1764)
Jeannot and Colin (1764)
The Blind Judges of Colors (1766)
The Princess of Babylon (1768)
The Man with Forty Crowns (1768)
The Letters of Amabed (1769)
The Huron, or Pupil of Nature (1771)
The White Bull (1772)
An Incident of Memory (1773)
The History of Jenni (1774)
The Travels of Reason (1774)
The Ears of Lord Chesterfield and Chaplain Goudman (1775)

Dula/drama

Si Voltaire nagsurat nin sa pag'ultan mga singkwenta asin sisentang mga dula, na may ibang dai natapos.^[11] Magkapira igdi iyo an minasunod:

Œdipe (1718)
Artémire (1720)
Mariamne (1724)
Brutus (1730)
Éryphile (1732)
Zaïre (1732), inspiration for Zaira, opera by Vincenzo Bellini (1829)
Alzire, ou les Américains (1736), inspiration for Alzira, opera by Giuseppe Verdi (1845)
Zulima (1740)^[12]
Mahomet (1741)
Mérope (1743)
La princesse de Navarre (1745)
Sémiramis (1748), inspiration for Semiramide, opera by Gioachino Rossini (1823)
Nanine (1749)
L'Orphelin de la Chine (1755)^[13]^{[lower-alpha 1]}
Socrate (published 1759)
La Femme qui a Raison (1759)
Tancrède (1760), inspiration for Tancredi, opera by Gioachino Rossini (1813)
Don Pèdre, roi de Castille (1774)
Sophonisbe (1774)
Irène (1778)
Agathocle (1779)

Mga obrang dinamot

Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire, A. Beuchot (ed.). 72 vols. (1829–1840)
Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire, Louis E.D. Moland and G. Bengesco (eds.). 52 vols. (1877–1885)
Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire, Theodore Besterman, et al. (eds.). 144 vols. (1968–2018)

Toltolan

↑ Voltaire, La philosophie de l'histoire, Changuion, 1765.
↑ Susan Sarah Cohen (2012). 2000. Walter de Gruyter. p. 90. ISBN 978-3-11-095695-5.
↑ "Christopher Hitchens' Defense of the Enlightenment". 28 July 2018.
↑ Heiner F. Klemme, Manfred Kuehn (2016). The Bloomsbury Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers. Bloomsbury. p. 821. ISBN 978-1-4742-5600-1.
↑ "Voltaire". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
↑ "Voltaire". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
↑ "Voltaire". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
↑ "Voltaire". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
↑ "Voltaire". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
↑ "Voltaire – Biography".
↑ Dates of the first performance, unless otherwise noted. Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Voltaire", vol. 5, pp. 113–17, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-079169-5.
↑ "Voltaire". History and biography. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.
↑ Liu, Wu-Chi (1953). "The Original Orphan of China". Comparative Literature 5 (3): 206–07. doi:10.2307/1768912.

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[1] Voltaire, La philosophie de l'histoire, Changuion, 1765.

[2] Susan Sarah Cohen (2012). 2000. Walter de Gruyter. p. 90. ISBN 978-3-11-095695-5.

[3] "Christopher Hitchens' Defense of the Enlightenment". 28 July 2018.

[4] Heiner F. Klemme, Manfred Kuehn (2016). The Bloomsbury Dictionary of Eighteenth-Century German Philosophers. Bloomsbury. p. 821. ISBN 978-1-4742-5600-1.

[5] "Voltaire". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

[6] "Voltaire". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

[7] "Voltaire". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

[8] "Voltaire". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

[9] "Voltaire". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 1 August 2019.

[10] "Voltaire – Biography".

[11] Dates of the first performance, unless otherwise noted. Garreau, Joseph E. (1984). "Voltaire", vol. 5, pp. 113–17, in McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama, Stanley Hochman, editor in chief. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-079169-5.

[12] "Voltaire". History and biography. 27 July 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2019.

[liu53-13] Liu, Wu-Chi (1953). "The Original Orphan of China". Comparative Literature 5 (3): 206–07. doi:10.2307/1768912.

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