Blaise Pascal

Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal
	Painting of Pascal made by François II Quesnel for Gérard Edelinck in 1691
Kamundagan	19 Hunyo 1623; Clermont-Ferrand,; Auvergne, France
Kagadanan	19 Agosto 1662 (edad 39); Paris, France
Nasyunalidad	French
Era	17th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Cartesianism; Jansenism; Fideism
Main interests	Theology; Mathematics; Philosophy; Physics;
Notable ideas	Probability theory; Pascal's wager; Pascal's triangle; Pascal's law; Pascal's theorem; Pascal's calculator;
	Influences St. Augustine of Hippo; Michel de Montaigne; Étienne Pascal; René Descartes; Gilles de Roberval; Cornelius Jansen; Epictetus; Evangelista Torricelli; Gerolamo Cardano; ;
	Influenced William Lane Craig; Antoine Arnauld; Pierre Duhem; William James; G. W. Leibniz; Léon Brunschvicg; Alexis de Tocqueville; Henri Bergson; ;

Si Blaise Pascal (/pæˈskæl/ pask-AL, -⁠AHL, PASK-əl, -⁠al, US: /pɑːˈskɑːl/ pah-SKAHL;^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] Pranses: [blɛz paskal]; 19 Hunyo 1623 – 19 Agosto 1662) sarong Pranses na matematiko, pisiko, imbentor, pilosopo, parasurat asin Katolikong teologo.

Saro siyang child prodigy na tinukduan kan saiyang ama, sarong mambububwis sa Rouen. An gibo ni Pascal sa matematika iyo an conic sections; nagsurat siya nin significant treatise sa mga temang projective geometry sa edad na 16. Nagsurat man siya kaiba ni Pierre de Fermat sa probability theory, na nakaimpluwensya sa modernong ekonomiya asin agham panlipunan. Kan 1642, siya sarong teenager, nagpuon siya magtrabaho sa mga makina sa pagkalkula (inaapod na Pascal's calculators na naging Pascalines), na siya nagin saro sa duwang imbentor kan mechanical calculator.^[8]^[9]

Mga Gibo

"Essai pour les coniques" [Essay on conics] (1639)
Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide [New experiments with the vacuum] (1647)
Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs [Account of the great experiment on equilibrium in liquids] (1648)
Traité du triangle arithmétique [Treatise on the arithmetical triangle] (written c. 1654;^[10] publ. 1665)
Lettres provinciales [The provincial letters] (1656–57)
De l'Esprit géométrique [On the geometrical spirit] (1657 or 1658)
Écrit sur la signature du formulaire (1661)
Pensées [Thoughts] (incomplete at death; publ. 1670)

Hilingon man

Mga toltolan

↑ Vincent Jullien (ed.), Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited, Birkhäuser, 2015, p. 188.
↑ Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na MCS
↑ Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
↑ "Pascal". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
↑ "Pascal, Blaise". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
↑ "Pascal". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
↑ "Pascal". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 14 August 2019.
↑ See Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate? Archived 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. and Marguin, Jean (1994). Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942 (in French). Hermann. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-7056-6166-3.
↑ d'Ocagne, Maurice (1893). Le calcul simplifié (in French). Gauthier-Villars et fils. p. 245.
↑ "David Pengelley - "Pascal's Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

Magbasa pa lalo

Adamson, Donald. Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist, and Thinker about God (1995) ISBN 0-333-55036-6
Adamson, Donald. "Pascal's Views on Mathematics and the Divine," Mathematics and the Divine: A Historical Study (eds. T. Koetsier and L. Bergmans. Amsterdam: Elsevier 2005), pp. 407–21.
Broome, J.H. Pascal. (London: E. Arnold, 1965). ISBN 0-7131-5021-1
Davidson, Hugh M. Blaise Pascal. (Boston: Twayne Publishers), 1983.
Devlin, Keith (2008). The Unfinished Game: Pascal, Fermat, and the Seventeenth-Century Letter that Made the World Modern. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00910-7.
Farrell, John. "Pascal and Power". Chapter seven of Paranoia and Modernity: Cervantes to Rousseau (Cornell UP, 2006).
Goldmann, Lucien, The hidden God; a study of tragic vision in the Pensees of Pascal and the tragedies of Racine (original ed. 1955, Trans. Philip Thody. London: Routledge, 1964).
Groothuis, Douglas. On Pascal. (Belmont: Wadsworth, 2002). ISBN 978-0534583910
Jordan, Jeff. Pascal's Wager: Pragmatic Arguments and Belief in God. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2006).
Landkildehus, Søren. "Kierkegaard and Pascal as kindred spirits in the Fight against Christendom" in Kierkegaard and the Renaissance and Modern Traditions (ed. Jon Stewart. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2009).
Mackie, John Leslie. The Miracle of Theism: Arguments for and against the Existence of God. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
Pugh, Anthony R. The Composition of Pascal's Apologia, (University of Toronto Press, 1984).
Saka, Paul (2001). "Pascal's Wager and the Many Gods Objection". Religious Studies 37 (3): 321–41. doi:10.1017/S0034412501005686.
Stephen, Leslie. "Pascal". Studies of a Biographer. 2. London: Duckworth and Co. pp. 241–284.
Tobin, Paul. "The Rejection of Pascal's Wager: A Skeptic's Guide to the Bible and the Historical Jesus". authorsonline.co.uk, 2009.
Yves Morvan, Pascal à Mirefleurs ? Les dessins de la maison de Domat, Impr. Blandin, 1985. (FRBNF40378895)

Panluwas na takod

Oeuvres complètes, volume 2 (1858) Paris: Libraire de L Hachette et Cie, link from HathiTrust.
Works by Blaise Pascal at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about Blaise Pascal at Internet Archive
Mga gibo ni Blaise Pascal sa LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
The Correspondence of Blaise Pascal in EMLO
Simpson, David. ""Blaise Pascal"". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Clarke, Desmond. "Blaise Pascal". In Zalta, Edward N. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Si Blaise Pascal sa Mathematics Genealogy Project
Pensées de Blaise Pascal. Renouard, Paris 1812 (2 vols.) (Plantilya:ULBDD)
Discussion of the Pascaline, its history, mechanism, surviving examples, and modern replicas at http://things-that-count.net Archived 2021-02-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Pascal's Memorial in orig. French/Latin and modern English, trans. Elizabeth T. Knuth.
Biography, Bibliography. (in French)
Mga gibo ni Blaise Pascal sa Open Library
BBC Radio 4. In Our Time: Pascal.
Blaise Pascal featured on the 500 French Franc banknote in 1977. Archived 2009-04-16 at the Wayback Machine.
Blaise Pascal's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
Plantilya:Cite CE1913
Etext of Pascal's Pensées (English, in various formats)
Etext of Pascal's Lettres Provinciales (English)
Etext of a number of Pascal's minor works (English translation) including, De l'Esprit géométrique and De l'Art de persuader.
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Blaise Pascal", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

[1] Vincent Jullien (ed.), Seventeenth-Century Indivisibles Revisited, Birkhäuser, 2015, p. 188.

[MCS-2] Error sa pag-cite: Imbalidong <ref> tatak; mayong teksto na ipinagtao para sa reperensiya na pinagngaranan na MCS

[3] Wells, John (3 April 2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.

[4] "Pascal". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.

[5] "Pascal, Blaise". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. n.d. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

[6] "Pascal". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

[7] "Pascal". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 14 August 2019.

[8] See Schickard versus Pascal: An Empty Debate? Archived 2014-04-08 at the Wayback Machine. and Marguin, Jean (1994). Histoire des instruments et machines à calculer, trois siècles de mécanique pensante 1642–1942 (in French). Hermann. p. 48. ISBN 978-2-7056-6166-3.

[9] 'Ocagne, Maurice (1893). Le calcul simplifié (in French). Gauthier-Villars et fils. p. 245.

[10] "David Pengelley - "Pascal's Treatise on the Arithmetical Triangle"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]